Granulosa cells from prehierarchical follicles (3–5 and 6–8 mm) and preovulatory follicles (9–12 mm) were dispersed into single-cell suspension and treated with 0, 1, 10, or 20 mM metformin for 180 min in the presence or absence of rhFSH (10 ng/ml) at 41°C. Control received no rhFSH and no metformin treatments. Total RNA was extracted and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR as described in legend to Fig. 5. Data were standardized to RPL19 mRNA and expressed as fold-difference versus control. A, B, C, D
P < 0.001; n=4 replicates of 4 broiler breeder hens each. Inset: Photograph of prehierarchical follicles and the most-recently recruited preovulatory follicle to denote the source of granulosa cell (open box).