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Structural flexibility of β-lactams and the h-Woodward coefficient. (A) General bicyclic β-lactam structure rendered to show pyramidal nitrogen. (B) Depiction of h-Woodward, defined by height of nitrogen to trigonal pyramid ligand base. (C) Faropenem depicted in stick form. (D) Faropenem energy minimized (using MOE with the Amber10:ETH forcefield) and angle of the bent nitrogen bonds showing the h-Woodward of 0.5 Å.
