Table 3.
Summary of the Characteristics of Selected Studies, Primary Outcomes and Measurements
| Author | Intervention setting | Geographic location | Data encryption | PEDro scale risk of bias | Attrition rate | Primary outcomes | Outcomes measurement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hossain et al.6 | Home, community | Bangladesh | None reported | 8/11 | 6.7% | All cause mortality | Two participants died; mortality rate of 7% (95% CI: 2 to 21) |
| Houlihan et al.32 | Community | United States | None reported | 8/11 | 6.3% | Reduced presence of pressure ulcers at 6 months in women (p < 0.0001); reduced 6-month severity of depression (age and gender adjusted; p < 0.047) | No significant impact on health-care utilization (OR = 1.8, p = 0.07) |
| Migliorini et al.22 | Home | Australia | None reported | 8/11 | 22.9% | Mood improvement with life satisfaction | Within-group analyses showed significant mood improvement (ES = 0.4), anxiety (ES = 0.4), stress (ES = 0.3) and higher life-satisfaction (ES = 0.2) |
| Arora et al.23 | Tertiary care center | Bangladesh, India | None reported | 9/11 | Not reported | Cost–benefit and health outcomes (ulcer size reduction and QALY gained | Between-group difference for mean reduced pressure ulcer size (95% CI: −3.12 to −4.32), corresponding QALYs = 0.027 (95% CI: 0.004 to 0.051), 87% cost-effectiveness by sensitivity analyses |
| Kowalczewski et al.24 | Home | Australia, Canada | None reported | 10/11 | All participants completed study | ARAT | Arm and hand strengths' score (p < 0.01) improved after ET |
| Hearn and Finlay25 | Home, community | United Kingdom | Data encrypted | 8/11 | 35.8% | Depression symptom severity | Depression significantly reduced more by mindfulness than psychoeducation (mean_diff = −1.50; 95% CI: −2.43 to −0.58) |
| Houlihan et al.26 | Home, community | Canada, United States | None reported | 8/11 | 9.9% | Health self-management | Peer-led health self-management yielded significant change in PAM scores (p = 0.047) |
| Kryger et al.11 | Home | United States | None reported | 9/11 | 13.2% | Health outcomes = UTI, pressure sores, emergency room visits, hospital admissions | Intervention significantly reduced UTIs (p = 0.03) with nonsignificant psychosocial outcomes trending toward reduced mood symptoms |
| Coulter et al.27 | Home, community | United Kingdom | None reported | 7/11 | 12.5% | 6 MPT or 6 MWT depending on mobility | Between-group differences were not significant but more pronounced for 6-MWT |
| Worobey et al.28 | Home | United States | None reported | 8/11 | 7% | Transfer techniques @ baseline, skills-acquisition immediate post-training, and skills-retention post 1–2 days follow-up | Web-based transfer training showed improvement (p = 0.05) |
| Rimmer et al.29 | Home | United States | None reported | 7/11 | 10.8% | Biomed = weight, body mass index; barriers to activity; activity = aerobic exercise; strength exercise; total-exercise; nutrition = fat score; fiber score; fruit/veggie score | Bodyweight difference between groups was significant in group and time interaction on statistic analysis (p < 0.01) |
| Dorstyn et al.30 | Home, community | Australia | None reported | 7/11 | 36% | 25-item JSES | High uptake of work and SCI resources through learning module; high attrition rate observed with intention-to-treat analyses failing to reach statistical significance |
| Shen et al.31 | Home | China | None reported | 6/11 | 11.1% | Responses to electric uprise bed training and compare training efficiency | Tilt-table training improved in systolic and diastolic orthostatic blood pressure changes |
ARAT, Action Research Arm Test; CI, confidence interval; ES, effect size; ET, exercise therapy; JSES, Job Procurement Self-Efficacy Scale; MPT, Min Push Test; MWT, Min Walk Test; OR, odds ratio; PAM, Patient Activation Measure; PEDro, Physiotherapy Evidence Database; QALY, quality-adjusted life years; UTI, urinary tract infection.