Table 2.

Studies depicting various pharmacological functions of RA

S. No	Pharmacological role	Function	Reference
18	Anti-inflammatory	i. Reduced T-cell population, Bcl2 production in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis ii. Deranged inflammatory responses and improved acute pancreatitis in rat models iii. Decreased IgE production, mucus production and improved airway hyperresponsivness in OVA-challenged asthmatic rats iv. In conjugation with p-Cymene, modulated inflammatory cascade and reduced TNBS- induced intestinal inflammation in acute colitis rat models v. Ameliorated inflammation induced renal injury via inhibition of NLRP3 signaling in Cisplatin injected Swill abino mice	Hur et al. (2007) Fan et al. (2015) Shakeri et al. (2019) Formiga et al. (2020) Akhter et al. (2022)
19	Anti-oxidant	i. Slowed oxidative stress induced liver and kidney damage by enhancing anti-oxidant enzymes in mice models ii. Improved cognitive deficits in alcoholic dementia by reducing lipid peroxidation, nitrite levels and improving anti-oxidant status in rats iii. Ameliorated oxidative damage and exhibited protective effects in selenite-induced cataract animal models iv. Reduced acetaminophen-induced acute liver damage in mice through modulation of RACK1/TNF-α pathway v. Protective effects on methamphetamine-induced oxidative stress damage and changes in casp3a mRNA levels in zebra fish model	Zhang et al. (2015) Hasanein et al. (2017) Tsai et al. (2019) Yu et al. (2021) Shahrestani et al. (2021)
20	Anti-cancer	i. Induced prostate cancer cell apoptosis via modulation of intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway mediators ii. Inhibited proliferation and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via targeting PI3K/AkT/mTOR signalling pathway iii. Blocked FOXOM1 transcription factors, upregulated pro-apoptotic genes and exhibited anti-tumorigenic actions in triple negative breast cancer cells iv. Reduced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via G1/S cycle arrest and inhibition of Gli translocation in mouse model of PDAC v. Propitiated TLR4/NF-κB/STAT3 activation and reduced colitis induced colon cancer in murine model	Jang et al. (2018) Wang et al. (2019) Messeha et al. (2020) Zhou et al. (2022) Jin et al. (2021a)
21	Anti-diabetic	i. Exhibited protective role via anti-inflammatory action in diabetic cerebral ischemic damage ii. Ameliorated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance by altering phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase levels and enhancing GLUT-4 expression iii. Prevented podocyte injury, reduced microalbuminuria and improved kidney function in rats with diabetic nephropathy iv. Attenuated inflammatory response and type 1 diabetes development in mice via modulatiom of innate and adaptive immune response v. Prevented podocyte injury, diabetic nephropathy alone and more efficiently in combination with Telmisartan in rat models	Luan et al. (2013) Runtuwene et al. (2016) Samsu et al. (2019) Koprivica et al. (2022) Samsu et al. (2019)
22	Anti-neurodegenerative	i. Attenuated motor neuron degeneration in rat models of amylotropic lateral sclerosis ii. Enhanced dopamine signalling pathway and suppressed Aβ aggregation in AD mice models iii. Prevented degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, inhibited iron-induced α-synuclein aggregation against MPTP induced neurotoxicity iv. Regulated DJ-1/Akt/Nrf2 signaling and combated MPTP-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish model of PD v. RA-chitosan nano-conjugates improved memory, neuroinflammation in Wistar rats	Shimojo et al. (2010) Hase et al. (2019) Qu et al. (2019) Zhao et al. (2020) Fachel et al. (2020)
23	Anti-hypertensive	i. Inhibited angiotensin-converting enzyme, reduced lipid profile, improved insulin sensitivity and lowered blood pressure in rats ii. Reduced vascular damage and blood pressure via inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and pro-inflammatory cytokine release iii. Attenuated angiotensin converting enzyme and decreased hypertension in rats iv. Attenuated systolic blood pressure, increased eNOS production, improved vascular function in hypertensive rats	Karthik et al. (2011) Alegría-Herrera et al. (2019) Ferreira et al. (2018) Pantam et al. (2019)