Table 2. Summary of Ixodes scapularis infestation and Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia miyamotoi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection detected in ticks feeding on breeding birds captured and censused at Mont-Saint-Bruno National Park in 2017 and 2018.
| Birds | Feeding larvae | Feeding nymphs | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species | No. captured | Density (ind/ha) | Infestation prevalence | No. ticks collected | Infestation intensity1 | Mean infectivity2 | Pos. Bb3 (n) | MLE IR pools4 | No. ticks in pools | Pos. Bm5 (n) | Pos. Ap6 (n) | No. ticks collected | Tested (n) | Pos. Bb (n) | Pos. Bm (n) | Pos. Ap (n) |
| Birds that have infected I. scapularis feeding larvae with B. burgdorferi | ||||||||||||||||
| Chipping Sparrow | 18 | 0.57 | 0.33 | 19 | 3.17 | 0.11 | 17 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Hermit Thrush | 39 | 1.57 | 0.74 | 75 | 2.59 | 0.19 | 61 | 0.08 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 141 | 30 | 6 | 0 | 3 |
| House Wren | 2 | 0.19 | 0.50 | 10 | 10.00 | 0.20 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dark-eyed Junco | 3 | 0.27 | 0.33 | 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1 | - | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Song Sparrow | 107 | 1.16 | 0.31 | 181 | 5.48 | 0.20 | 99 | 0.09 | 82 | 1 | 0 | 296 | 34 | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| Subtotal | 169 | 3.77 | 0.44 | 286 | 4.45 | 0.34 | 183 | 0.08 | 103 | 2 | 0 | 471 | 94 | 12 | 1 | 5 |
| Birds that were infested with I. scapularis but that did not transmit B. burgdorferi infection | ||||||||||||||||
| American Goldfinch | 86 | 9.16 | 0.01 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| American Redstart | 24 | 6.93 | 0.04 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| American Robin | 1 | 1.19 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Black and white Warbler | 10 | - | 0.30 | 3 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Black-billed Cuckoo | 2 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Black-capped Chickadee | 74 | 9.09 | 0.05 | 10 | 2.50 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Brown-headed Cowbird | 4 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Blue Jay | 1 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 6 | 6.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Cedar Waxwing | 25 | 11.17 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Common Yellowthroat | 28 | 0.93 | 0.11 | 10 | 3.33 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 24 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Eastern Phoebe | 15 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Gray Catbird | 26 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Indigo Bunting | 13 | 0.62 | 0.08 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Northern cardinal | 8 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Ovenbird | 49 | 3.17 | 0.31 | 39 | 2.60 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pileated Woodpecker | 3 | 1.43 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Rose-breasted Grosbeak | 6 | 0.86 | 0.17 | 2 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Red-eyed Vireo | 54 | 4.92 | 0.02 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scarlet Tanager | 2 | 2.08 | 0.50 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Veery | 46 | 2.36 | 0.20 | 12 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 57 | 31 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
| White-breasted Nuthatch | 28 | 2.60 | 0.11 | 6 | 2.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Wood Thrush | 17 | 0.72 | 0.18 | 11 | 3.67 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| White-throated Sparrow | 5 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Subtotal | 527 | 58.92 | 0.13 | 104 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 177 | 144 | 21 | 1 | 15 |
| Birds not infested with I. scapularis | ||||||||||||||||
| Blue-headed Vireo | 1 | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Blackburnian Warbler | 6 | 1.08 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Brown Creeper | 1 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | |
| Black-throated Green Warbler | 25 | 4.90 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Chestnut-sided Warbler | 4 | 0.19 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Downy Woodpecker | 24 | 2.95 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Eastern Wood-Pewee | 14 | 2.46 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Field Sparrow | 1 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Great-crested Flycatcher | 7 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Hairy Woodpecker | 11 | 2.76 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Least Flycatcher | 6 | 2.34 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Purple Finch | 1 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Red-breasted nuthatch | 2 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Ruby-throated Hummingbird | 1 | 1.61 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Swamp Sparrow | 2 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Swainson’s Thrush | 1 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Tennessee Warbler | 1 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Traill’s flycatcher | 6 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Yellow-bellied Flycatcher | 4 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Yellow-bellied Sapsucker | 18 | 2.41 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Yellow Warbler | 13 | 0.91 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Northern Flicker | 4 | - | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Subtotal | 153 | 23.52 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | - | - | - | - |
1Mean number of ticks per infested host in our sample
2Weighted mean between results from larvae tested individually and pooled unfed larvae, according to the number of ticks
3Bb: Number of Borrelia burgdorferi positive ticks
4Maximum-Likelihood Estimation Infection Ratio calculated from pools of unfed larvae
5Bm: Number of Borrelia miyamotoi positive ticks
6Ap: Number of Anaplasma phagocytophilum positive ticks.