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. 2022 Mar 24;3:840328. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2022.840328

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Copyright © 2022 Zhang and Furst.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Illustration of ROI where the volumes of the brainstem nuclei and diffusion metrics were measured. Upper panel, Illustration of ROIs of the PAG, LC and RVM, which were delineated based on literature (108). The hot color scale represents probability of gray matter density (brighter color refers to higher gray matter density) within the ROIs. Middle panel, example of brainstem tracts of interests, including MLF (orange), DLF (cyan), SCP (green), NST (dark pink), MFT (yellow), CST (dark green), STT (blue), and the three brainstem nuclei (red). Lower panel, the anatomical relationships between brainstem tracts (non-red) and nuclei (red) on 4 brainstem axial slices. PAG, periaqueductal gray; LC, locus coeruleus; RVM, rostral ventromedial medulla; MLF, medial longitudinal fasciculus; DLF, dorsal longitudinal fasciculus; SCP, superior cerebellar peduncle; NST, nigrostriatal tract; MFT, medial forebrain tract; CST, corticospinal tract; STT, spinothalamic tract.