Table 15.2.
Summary of viruses with associated autoimmune diseases and possible underlying mechanisms.
| Family | Virus | Associated diseases | Suggested mechanisms |
|---|---|---|---|
| Herpesviridae | Epstein–Barr virus | MS, SLE, RA, SS | BA (Serafini et al. 2007), MM (Lang et al. 2002), “Mistaken self” (van Noort et al. 2000), ES (Pender 2003) |
| Human Herpesvirus-6 | MS, SLE, HT | MM (Tejada-Simon et al. 2003), BA (Kubo et al. 2006; Rizzo et al. 2016) | |
| Human Cytomegalovirus | SSc, SLE, T1D | MM (Lunardi et al. 2000; Hiemstra et al. 2001; Namboodiri et al. 2004; Lunardi et al. 2006), ES (Palafox Sánchez et al. 2009), BA (Bennett Jenson et al. 1980; Pak et al. 1988) | |
| Retroviridae | Human T-Lymphotropic virus 1 | HAM/TSP, SS, Uveitis, RA, SLE | BA (Vernant et al. 1988; Eguchi et al. 1992; Araújo et al. 2009; Best et al. 2009; Castro-Costa et al. 2009; Yamano et al. 2009; Romanelli et al. 2010; Nakamura et al. 2015) |
| Paramyxoviridae | Measles virus | MS | MM (Triger et al. 1974) |
| Picornaviridae | Enterovirus serotype CV | T1D, Chronic myocarditis | MM (Maisch 1986; Kaufman et al. 1992; Schwimmbeck et al. 1993; Root-Bernstein et al. 2009), BA (Blay et al. 1989; Horwitz et al. 2002; 2004; Li et al. 2018) |
| Togaviridae | Rubella virus | Thyroid diseases, T1D | MM (Ou et al. 2000), BA (Rabinowe et al. 1986; Ou et al. 2000; Banatvala and Brown 2004; Burgess and Forrest 2009) |
| Flaviviridae | Hepatitis C virus | HT, SS, RA | BA (Akeno et al. 2008), ES (Aktas et al. 2017) |
| West-Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus,Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Kunjin virus | Encephalo-myelitis, polymyositis | BA (Bao et al. 1992) | |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | Encephalo-myelitis, polymyositis | MM (Tseng et al. 2011), BA (Bao et al. 1992; Kalita and Misra 2002; Tsunoda et al. 2003; Swarup et al. 2007; Ghosh and Basu 2009) | |
| Parvoviridae | Human parvovirus B19 | RA, SLE, SS, SSc, SD, Glm, SV, KD, HSP, DM, SJIA, GCA, PN | MM (Lunardi et al. 2008) |
BA, Bystander activation; DM, Dermatomyositis; ES, Epitope spreading; GCA, Giant Cell Arteritis; Glm, Granulomatosis; HAM/TSP, HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis; HSP, Henoch Schönlein Purpura; HT, Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis; KD, Kawasaki Disease; MM, Molecular mimicry; PN, Polyarteritis Nodosa; RA, Rheumatoid Arthritis; SD, Still’s Diseases; SJIA, Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis; SLE, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; SS, Sjögren’s Syndrome; Ssc, Systemic Sclerosis; SV, Systemic Vasculitis; T1D, Type 1 Diabetes.
Reproduced with permission from Reference 27. Details of publications referred to in the right hand column can be found in Reference 27.