TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies investigating the relation between COVID-19 and weight1
| Study ID | Country | Study type | No. of participants | Sample characteristics | Assessment tool | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fernandez-Rio et al. 2020 (21) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 4379 | Age: 16–84 y Sex (F): 2671 (60.9%) Occupation/characteristics: General population | Self-reported weight | No weight changes: 52.88%Weight increase: 25.82%Weight decrease: 21.27%P value NR |
| de Luis Román et al. 2020 (30) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 284 | Age: 60.4 ± 10.8 y Sex (F): 211 (74.3%) Occupation/characteristics: Obese outpatients | Self-reported weight | 36.3% reported weight gainIncrease in self-reported body weight was 1.62 ± 0.2 kg over 7 wk of confinementP value NR |
| Martínez-de-Quel et al. 2020 (31) | Spain | Longitudinal | 161 | Age: 35.0 ± 11.2 y Sex (F): 60 (37%) Occupation/characteristics: General population | Self-reported weight | Significant increase in weight (P = 0.012) during lockdown |
| López-Moreno et al. 2020 (33) | Spain | Cross-sectional | 675 | Age: 39.1 ± 12.9 y Sex (F): 472 (70%) Occupation/characteristics: General population | BMI | No significant change in BMI pre- and post-COVID-19 (P = 0.758) |
| Mason et al. 2020 (34) | USA | Longitudinal | 1820 | Age: 19.72 ± 0.46 y Sex (F): 1128 (62%) Occupation/characteristics: High school students | BMI | Overall significant increase in weight during COVID-19 relative to baseline (P < 0.001) |
| Yang et al. 2020 (29) | China | Cross-sectional | 10,082 | Age:High school students: 17 ± 1.2 y Undergraduate students: 20.6 ± 1.8 yGraduates: 24.6 ± 3.5 ySex: (F): 7229 (71.7%) Occupation/characteristics: Students | BMI | BMI significantly increased overall during COVID-19 (P < 0.001) in all subgroupsPrevalence of overweight/obesity significantly increased generally (P < 0.001) and in high school (P < 0 .01) and undergraduate students (P < 0 .001) |
| Jia et al. 2020 (32) | China | Cross-sectional | 10,082 | Age: 19.8 ± 2.3 y Sex (F):7229 (71.7%) Occupation/characteristics: Students | BMI | BMI significantly increased from 21.8 to 22.1 kg/m2 (P < 0.001)Significant increase in prevalence of overweight participants, (21.4% vs. 24.6%, P < 0.001) and obesity (10.5% vs. 12.6%, P < 0.001) |
| Pellegrini et al. 2020 (24) | Italy | Observational retrospective | 150 | Age: 47.9 ± 16 Sex (F): 116 (77.3%) Occupation/characteristics: Obesity outpatients | Self-reported weight | Significant increase in mean self-reported weight gain during COVID-19 ≈ 1.5 kg (P < 0.001) |
| Gallè et al. 2020 (25) | Italy | Cross-sectional | 1430 | Age: 22.9 ± 3.5 y Sex (F): 936 (65.5%) Characteristics: Italian undergraduate students | BMI | No significant change in BMI (P = 0.96) during COVID-19 |
| Grabia et al. 2020 (28) | Poland | Cross-sectional | 124 | Age: 23 y (LQ-UQ 17–35) Sex (F): 103 (83%) Occupation/characteristics: Diabetic patients | Self-reported weight | Change in body mass(P < 0.001)Increased during COVID-19:49%≤5 kg: 31%>5 kg:11%No change: 28%Reduced: 30% |
| Sidor and Rzymski 2020 (23) | Poland | Cross-sectional | 1097 | Age: 27.7 ± 9.0 (18–71) y Sex (F): 1043 (95.1%) Occupation/characteristics: General population | Self-reported weight | Increase in weight: 29.9%Decrease in weight: 18.6% Those with high BMI at baseline experienced greater weight gain (P < 0.05), as did those older in age (P < 0.05) |
| Błaszczyk-Bębenek et al. 2020 (26) | Poland | Cross-sectional | 312 | Age: 41.12 ± 13.05 y Sex (F): 200 (64.1%) Occupation/characteristics: Age >18 y, not pregnant, no diseases requiring a specific diet | Self-reported weight | Statistically significant increase in weight during confinement (Δ 0.56 ± 2.43 kg; P < 0.0001) |
| Cheikh Ismail et al. 2020 (22) | Middle East and North Africa | Cross-sectional | 2970 | Age: 18+ y Sex (F): 2126 (71.6%) Occupation/characteristics: General population | Self-reported weight | No weight changes: 43.9%Weight increase: 30.3%Weight decrease: 16.9%P value NR Significant association between physical activity and reported change in weight (P < 0.001) |
| Pišot et al. 2020 (27) | 9 European countries (Croatia, Italy, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Greece, Bosnia, and Kosovo) | Cross-sectional | 4108 | Age: 32.0 (13.2) y Sex (F): 2581 (62.8%) Occupation/characteristics: General population | Self-reported weight | Increase of 0.3 (±2.2) kg during COVID-19 pandemic measures (P < 0.0008) (n = 2208) |
1
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NR, not reported; LQ-UQ, lower quartile-upper quartile; .