Table 2.

In vitro research of the 20 medicine food homology plants on osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis process.

Botanical name∗	On osteoblastogenesis process	On osteoclastogenesis process	References
Portulaca oleracea	Purslane on human osteoblasts.	(1) The extract on RANKL-induced primary mice BMMs.	[13–15]
		(2) The extract on primary mice osteoclast cells.
Prunella vulgaris	The extract on glucocorticoids-induced BMMSCs by activating the Smad pathway.		[16]
Canarium album		The extract on RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells.	[17]
Hovenia acerba	The extract on calvarial osteoblasts from the calvaria of ICR mice at postnatal day, via Wnt/β-catenin pathway.		[18]
Panax ginseng	(1) Ginsenoside Rb1 on aluminum chloride-induced rat osteoblasts.	(1) Ginsenoside Rb1 on RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells, via NF-κB and MAPKs pathways	[19–24]
	(2) Ginsenoside Rb2 on hydrogen peroxide-induced osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, via reduction of oxidative damage.	(2) Ginsenoside Rb2 on RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells, via NF-κB and STAT3
	(3) Ginsenoside Rg3 on osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.	(3) Ginsenoside Rg3 on RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells, via RANKL, JNK, and p38 MAPK pathways.
Polygonatum sibiricum	The polysaccharide on primary mice BMMSCs, via ERK/GSK‐3β/β‐catenin and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.	The polysaccharide on RANKL-induced primary mice BMMs.	[25–27]
Lycium barbarum	The polysaccharides on the osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cell line.		[28]
Rubus chingii	Seven compounds on primary rat osteoblasts.	Seven compounds on primary rat osteoclasts.	[29]
Zanthoxylum schinifolium /Zanthoxylum bungeanum		The extract on RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells.	[17]
Alpinia officinarum	The extract on primary rat osteoblasts isolated from newborn rat calvariae.	The extract on RANKL-induced primary mice BMMs.	[30, 31]
Chrysanthemum morifolium	Linarin on the osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cell line, via BMP-2/Runx2 pathway.		[32]
Siraitia acerba	Mogroside V on primary rat osteoblasts isolated from newborn rat calvariae.		[33]
Crocus sativus	(1) Crocin on the osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cell line.	Crocin on RANKL‑induced primary mice BMMs, via JNK and NF‑κB pathways.	[34–36]
	(2) Crocin and crocetin on primary rat BMMSCs.
Coix lacryma-jobi	(1) The extract on the primary rat osteoblasts isolated from the calvaria of fetal rats (18 days old) via the ERK‑regulated pathway.		[37, 38]
	(2) The water extract of adlay seeds in cultured neonatal rat calvariae.

Notes. ^∗Botanical name are according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, China Medical Science Press, Beijing, China, 2020). Abbreviations: RANKL, receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand. BMMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages; BMMSCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; ICR, Institute of Cancer Research; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; p38 MAPK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; GSK‐3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; Wnt, wingless; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor 2.