. 2022 Mar 31;2022:5902293. doi: 10.1155/2022/5902293

Table 3.

In vivo animal research of the 15 medicine food homology plants.

Botanical name^∗	Model	Dose	Route	Intervention time	Main improved results	Reference
Portulaca oleracea	The extract in LPS-induced osteolysis male mice.	250 mg/kg	Administered orally	Every 2 days for 8 days	Bone loss, bone erosion, and the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts↓	[13]
Portulaca oleracea	The extract in LPS-induced osteolysis male mice.	250 mg/kg	Administered orally	Every 2 days for 8 days	BV/TV, Tb.Sp, and Tb.N↑	[13]

Houttuynia cordata	The essential oil in OVX mice.	10 and 20 mg/kg	I.g.	12 weeks	ALP, TRAP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA↓	[39]
Houttuynia cordata	The essential oil in OVX mice.	10 and 20 mg/kg	I.g.	12 weeks	SOD, parameters of bone morphometry , and biomechanical properties↑	[39]

Prunella vulgaris	The flavonoids in OVX rats.	10%	I.g.	12 weeks	ALP, the number of osteoclasts, and bone resorption perimeter percentage↓	[40]
Prunella vulgaris	The flavonoids in OVX rats.	10%	I.g.	12 weeks	OPG, BMD, and the relative volume and thickness of trabecular bone↑	[40]

Hovenia acerba	(1) The extract in normal 8-week-old male mice.	200 mg/kg	I.p.	5 sequential days each week for 4 weeks	Trabecular bone, BV/TV and Tb.N, femoral bone mass, and thickness and area of femoral cortical bone↑	[18]
	(1) The extract in normal 8-week-old male mice.	200 mg/kg	I.p.	5 sequential days each week for 4 weeks	Trabecular or cortical femoral bone loss↓
	(2) Methyl vanillate in OVX mice.		Administrated orally	5 sequential days each week for 4 weeks	BV/TV, Tb.N, trabecular bone volume↑

Cichorium intybus	(1) Chicory inulins and a mixture of inulins-isoflavones in OVX rats.	385 mg/day	In water	2 months	BMD↑	[41]
	(2) Chicory inulin in growing male rats.	5 and 10 g/100 g diet	In diet	22 weeks	WBBMC and WBBMD↑	[42]
	(3) A purified native inulin, a reformulated inulin, and a dehydrated chicory in young male rats.	7.5% inulin in the diet	In diet	3 months	Mg absorption, BMD, and breaking load↑	[43]
	(4) The chicory extracts in GIOP rats.	100 mg/kg	Administrated orally	3 times per week for 8 weeks	Ca, P, BMD, BMC↑	[44]
	(4) The chicory extracts in GIOP rats.	100 mg/kg	Administrated orally	3 times per week for 8 weeks	PTH, ALP↓	[44]

Panax ginseng	(1) Ginseng on osteoporosis in OVX rats in which inflammation was induced.	100 and 200 mg/kg	Administrated orally	20 days	BMD↑	[45]
		100 and 200 mg/kg	Administrated orally	20 days	OC, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6↓	[45]
	(2) Ginsenoside Rg3 in OVX rats	20 mg/kg	I.p.	Every 2 days for 5 weeks	Thickness, number, and density of trabeculae, osteogenesis↑	[19]
	(3) Ginseng extracts in 112-week-old male rats.	300 mg/kg/day	Administrated orally	8 weeks	Total BMD in the tibia，osteoblast↑	[46]

Morus alba	The extract in OVX rats.	0.5% or 1%	Tube feeding	8 weeks	ALP, fragile structure was reduced↓	[47]
Morus alba	The extract in OVX rats.	0.5% or 1%	Tube feeding	8 weeks	Trabecular thickness↑	[47]

Polygonatum sibiricum	(1) The polysaccharide in OVX rats.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	I.g.	Every 2 days for 35 days	BMD, BGP↑	[48]
	(1) The polysaccharide in OVX rats.	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	I.g.	Every 2 days for 35 days	ALP, TRAP, and TNF-α↓	[48]
	(2) The polysaccharide on osteoporotic fracture, which is established by OVX rats.	100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg	I.g.	8 weeks	TRAP and PINP↓	[49]
		100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg	I.g.	8 weeks	ALP, OPG, the maximum tibial load, elastic load, BMD, BGP, GPR48, and BMP-2 protein↑	[49]

Lycium barbarum	The extract in OVX mice.	1 and 100 mg/kg	Administrated orally	6 weeks.	BMC, BMD, CON, calcium↑	[50]
Lycium barbarum	The extract in OVX mice.	1 and 100 mg/kg	Administrated orally	6 weeks.	Hypertrophy of the epiphyseal plate ↓	[50]

Eugenia caryophyllata	The extract in OVX rats.		Administrated orally	4 weeks	AP, TRAP, urinary phosphate, and creatinine↓	[51]
Eugenia caryophyllata	The extract in OVX rats.		Administrated orally	4 weeks	Ca, bone density, bone mineral content, bone tensile strength↑	[51]

Alpinia officinarum	The extract in OVX rats.	300 mg/kg	I.g.	12 weeks	OP↓	[30]
Alpinia officinarum	The extract in OVX rats.	300 mg/kg	I.g.	12 weeks	Bone strength↑	[30]

Crocus sativus	(1) Crocin in OVX rats.	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg	Administrated orally	16 weeks	BMD of L4 vertebrae and femurs, skeletal remodeling, bone-turnover markers↑	[52]
	(1) Crocin in OVX rats.	5, 10, and 20 mg/kg	Administrated orally	16 weeks	Oxidative stress status in bone tissue↓	[52]
	(2) Crocin in metabolic syndrome-induced osteoporosis rats.	5 and 10 mg/kg	I.g.	5 sequential days each week for 12 weeks	OCN, longitudinal, and perpendicular forces of femurs↑	[53]
	(2) Crocin in metabolic syndrome-induced osteoporosis rats.	5 and 10 mg/kg	I.g.	5 sequential days each week for 12 weeks	TRAP, CTX1, IL-6, TNF-α, oxidative stress in femur distal epiphysis tissues↓	[53]

Morus alba	The combined extract of mulberry leaf and Polygonum odoratum in OVX rats.	5, 150, and 300 mg/kg	Administrated orally	3 months	Oxidative stress and osteoclast density↓	[54]
Morus alba		5, 150, and 300 mg/kg	Administrated orally	3 months	Osteoblast density and cortical thickness, serum Ca, ALP, and OCN↑	[54]

Chrysanthemum morifolium	Linarin in OVX mice	50 and 150 mg/kg	I.g.	8 weeks	BMD, BV/TV, BS/TV, and Tb.N↑	[32]
Chrysanthemum morifolium	Linarin in OVX mice	50 and 150 mg/kg	I.g.	8 weeks	ALP and OCN↓	[32]

Coix lacryma-jobi	(1) The adlay diet and adlay extract in OVX mice.	10% and 30% in diet	In diet	4 weeks	ALP, Ca, and BMD↑	[37]
	(2) The extract in OVX rats.	300 μg/mL	Administrated orally	4 weeks	ALP, Ca↑	[38]
	(2) The extract in OVX rats.	300 μg/mL	Administrated orally	4 weeks	TRAP↓	[38]

Notes. ^∗Botanical name are according to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, China Medical Science Press, Beijing, China, 2020). Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMD, bone mineral density; BGP, bone Gla protein; BMP-2, bone morphogenetic protein-2; BV/TV, bone volume/total volume; CTXI; collagen cross-linking carboxy-terminal telopeptide, type I; GIOP, glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis; GPR48, G protein-coupled receptor 48; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MDA, malondialdehyde; OCN, osteocalcin; OP, osteopontin; OPG, osteoprotegerin; OVX, ovariectomy; PINP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Tb.N, trabecular number; Tb.Sp, trabecular separation; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; WBBMC, whole-body bone mineral content; WBBMD, whole-body bone mineral density.