Table 5.
Effect of GutGard on biochemistry parameters of male rats during 90 D oral toxicity study.
| Parameter | Dose (mg/kg) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 (Rev)$ | 250 | 500 | 1000 | 1000 (Rev)$ | |
| TP (g/dL) | 6.90 ± 0.56 | 6.69 ± 0.44 | 6.82 ± 0.49 | 6.93 ± 0.63 | 6.81 ± 0.46 | 6.18 ± 0.72 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 15.30 ± 2.31 | 13.40 ± 1.14 | 14.80 ± 2.44 | 16.10 ± 1.45 | 15.90 ± 2.13 | 14.00 ± 0.71 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 33.35 ± 5.04 | 29.21 ± 2.49 | 32.26 ± 5.32 | 35.10 ± 3.16 | 34.66 ± 4.65 | 30.52 ± 1.54 |
| ALT (U/L) | 63.50 ± 12.72 | 52.80 ± 8.67 | 58.60 ± 11.15 | 62.10 ± 8.52 | 62.30 ± 9.58 | 42.40 ± 9.71 |
| AST (U/L) | 112.70 ± 25.18 | 98.40 ± 27.42 | 107.80 ± 17.01 | 110.70 ± 21.28 | 97.10 ± 9.87 | 101.40 ± 37.92 |
| ALP (U/L) | 193.50 ± 18.36 | 126.80 ± 33.76 | 198.80 ± 31.57 | 193.60 ± 23.44 | 182.20 ± 32.76 | 90.20 ± 38.49 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 84.50 ± 7.41 | 82.80 ± 13.03 | 87.90 ± 13.96 | 83.00 ± 11.84 | 86.40 ± 6.08 | 86.20 ± 10.50 |
| Cal (mmol/L) | 3.54 ± 0.53 | 3.69 ± 0.18 | 3.55 ± 0.27 | 3.31 ± 0.22 | 3.64 ± 0.18 | 3.44 ± 0.16∗ |
| P (mg/dL) | 7.20 ± 0.72 | 5.76 ± 1.03 | 7.37 ± 0.75 | 7.73 ± 0.86 | 7.05 ± 0.55 | 5.10 ± 0.62 |
| GGTP (U/L) | 10.53 ± 2.10 | 7.59 ± 2.13 | 9.53 ± 3.01 | 10.80 ± 1.90 | 8.69 ± 1.17 | 7.90 ± 1.54 |
| TB (mg/dL) | 0.29 ± 0.09 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.04 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.01 ± 0.13 | 2.08 ± 0.30 | 2.09 ± 0.15 | 2.05 ± 0.19 | 2.09 ± 0.17 | 1.84 ± 0.29 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.53 ± 0.31 | 0.98 ± 0.10 | 1.13 ± 0.52# | 1.01 ± 0.29∗ | 0.70 ± 0.23 | 0.89 ± 0.16 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 149.27 ± 1.74 | 156.44 ± 0.98 | 151.02 ± 1.90 | 148.88 ± 2.75 | 147.45 ± 1.46 | 147.50 ± 1.87# |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.65 ± 0.36 | 4.02 ± 0.17 | 4.05 ± 0.41# | 4.50 ± 0.40 | 4.47 ± 0.33 | 4.04 ± 0.48 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 94.70 ± 2.90 | 92.25 ± 1.65 | 95.37 ± 4.02 | 98.84 ± 4.46# | 89.51 ± 2.13 | 98.59 ± 4.95 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 34.02 ± 7.58 | 39.55 ± 13.42 | 32.18 ± 5.43 | 36.60 ± 5.97 | 30.80 ± 5.34 | 29.89 ± 9.13 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 42.40 ± 18.11 | 41.00 ± 10.07 | 34.80 ± 8.39 | 38.90 ± 9.16 | 41.00 ± 12.10 | 36.80 ± 11.17 |
Mean ± SD (n = 10); $n = 5. TP: total protein; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Cal: calcium; P: phosphorus; TB: total bilirubin; GGTP: gamma glutamyl transferase; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; Rev.: reversal. ∗= significant at 95% level of confidence (p ≤ 0.05); # = significant at 99% level of confidence (p ≤ 0.01).