Table 6.
Effect of GutGard on biochemistry parameters of female rats during 90 D oral toxicity study.
| Parameter | Dose (mg/kg) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 (Rev)$ | 250 | 500 | 1000 | 1000 (Rev)$ | |
| TP (g/dL) | 7.26 ± 0.55 | 7.33 ± 0.30 | 6.74 ± 0.44 | 6.58 ± 0.63∗ | 7.37 ± 0.60 | 7.29 ± 0.77 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 18.50 ± 2.07 | 13.80 ± 1.10 | 17.60 ± 2.95 | 19.20 ± 2.94 | 18.80 ± 4.47 | 14.80 ± 1.30 |
| Urea (mg/dL) | 40.33 ± 4.51 | 30.08 ± 2.39 | 38.37 ± 6.43 | 41.86 ± 6.40 | 40.98 ± 9.74 | 32.26 ± 2.84 |
| ALT (U/L) | 51.00 ± 10.61 | 38.00 ± 1.58 | 48.90 ± 7.40 | 51.80 ± 4.78 | 62.90 ± 25.51 | 35.60 ± 3.71 |
| AST (U/L) | 104.00 ± 11.55 | 82.80 ± 4.87 | 89.70 ± 15.92 | 93.50 ± 11.93 | 100.50 ± 21.59 | 78.80 ± 5.93 |
| ALP (U/L) | 88.10 ± 19.50 | 58.20 ± 6.76 | 86.10 ± 9.23 | 91.60 ± 23.63 | 110.80 ± 32.70 | 63.60 ± 9.86 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 74.00 ± 14.93 | 68.80 ± 15.16 | 67.50 ± 16.72 | 77.60 ± 9.58 | 88.90 ± 20.08 | 86.40 ± 18.24 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 3.52 ± 0.12 | 3.79 ± 0.08 | 3.44 ± 0.40 | 3.08 ± 0.30# | 3.53 ± 0.11 | 3.75 ± 0.06 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 7.23 ± 1.06 | 4.54 ± 0.62 | 5.68 ± 0.74# | 6.13 ± 0.63∗ | 5.80 ± 1.00# | 4.22 ± 0.36 |
| GGTP (U/L) | 7.38 ± 2.74 | 9.68 ± 2.28 | 8.63± 2.77 | 6.30 ± 1.90 | 8.91 ± 2.34 | 7.91 ± 2.28 |
| TB (mg/dL) | 0.48 ± 0.12 | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.10 | 0.49 ± 0.21 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | 0.37 ± 0.05 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.26 ± 0.21 | 2.27 ± 0.11 | 2.20 ± 0.28 | 1.99 ± 0.22∗ | 2.34 ± 0.24 | 2.31 ± 0.22 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.18 ± 0.25 | 0.96 ± 0.06 | 0.88 ± 0.16 | 1.31 ± 0.41 | 1.39 ± 0.34 | 1.04 ± 0.16 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 150.04 ± 1.59 | 146.31 ± 0.73 | 151.28 ± 2.96 | 148.74 ± 2.36 | 148.49 ± 1.10∗ | 145.04 ± 1.46 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.24 ± 0.25 | 3.91 ± 0.08 | 3.92 ± 0.58 | 4.33 ± 0.47 | 4.16 ± 0.22 | 4.22 ± 0.44 |
| Chloride (mmol/L) | 97.10 ± 1.56 | 97.92 ± 2.55 | 93.22 ± 6.37 | 98.37 ± 2.14 | 95.79 ± 2.82 | 94.91 ± 2.96 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 39.44 ± 6.68 | 41.99 ± 2.94 | 32.87 ± 6.66∗ | 39.61 ± 18.86 | 42.20 ± 6.03 | 43.54 ± 5.01 |
| TGL (mg/dL) | 53.90 ± 7.89 | 61.40 ± 22.03 | 50.10 ± 10.27 | 48.60 ± 8.76 | 56.70 ± 13.90 | 56.80 ± 16.41 |
Mean ± SD (n = 10); $n = 5. TP: total protein; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Cal: calcium; P: phosphorus; TB: total bilirubin; GGTP: gamma glutamyl transferase; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; Rev.: reversal. ∗ = significant at 95% level of confidence (p ≤ 0.05); # = significant at 99% level of confidence (p ≤ 0.01).