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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 14.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Immunol. 2022 Mar 14;23(4):543–555. doi: 10.1038/s41590-022-01163-9

Figure 5. Enhanced innate immune response after boost is mediated by IFNγ production.

Figure 5.

a, Serum IFNγ measured by ELISA at days 0, 0.3 (6 h post-prime), 21, and 21.3 (6 h post-boost). n=8 for each time point. b, Innate cell activation at days 0, 1, 21, and 22 after BNT162b2 immunization. n=5. c, Fold change of key interferon response genes and AP-1 transcription factors in monocytes at days 0, 1, and 22 after BNT162b2 immunization. d-e, Flow cytometry of cells producing IFNγ in dLNs at the indicated time. n=10 for day 0 and 1, n=7, 8 for day 21 and 22, respectively. f, Experimental design and timeline. g, Fold change of key interferon response genes and AP-1 transcription factors in IFNγRA neutralized group (αIFNγRA) against isotype (IgG) control. h, Innate cell activation at day 22 after IFNγRA neutralization. n=5 for IgG group, n=4 for αIFNγRA treated group. Data were combined from two independent experiments (a, e) or one representative of two independent experiments (b, c, g, h). One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was applied in (a). P-values in (b, h) were determined using Student’s t-tests (two-tailed). Two-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test was applied in (e). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.