Fig. 3.
Functionalization process of immunosensors. (A) Schematic representation of the modification process for gold and carbon electrodes. (B) EIS spectra restored at the formal potential of K3 [Fe(CN)6] 3-/4- in the Nyquist projection recorded at each stage of the procedure (dots) with fitting data (lines). (C) Atomic structures of ab-initio simulated electrode surfaces covered by linkers. (D) Model of binding of N proteins to antibodies grafted onto various electrode surfaces based on molecular dynamics investigations.