Table 1.
Characteristics of the Analytic Sample of the Beaver Dam Offspring Study (N=2039)
| n(%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||
| Women | 1118(54.8) | |||
| Men | 921(45.2) | |||
| Education | ||||
| 0-12 years | 552(27.1) | |||
| 13-15 years | 707(34.7) | |||
| 16 years and more | 780(38.3) | |||
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1172(57.9) | |||
| Former | 637(31.4) | |||
| Current | 217(10.7) | |||
| History of heavy alcohol | 374(19.0) | |||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 232(11.5) | |||
| Diabetes | 252(12.4) | |||
| Long-term elevated inflammation | 765(46.8) | |||
| Exercise at least once a week | 1369(67.7) | |||
| Visual Acuity, letters correct, better eye | 59.2(5.8) | |||
| Hearing impairment | 533(27.4) | |||
| Contrast Sensitivity impairment | 137(7.0) | |||
| Olfactory impairment | 110(5.7) | |||
| Cognitive impairment | 83(4.1) | |||
| M(SD) | Range | Skewness | Kurtosis | |
|
| ||||
| Age, yrs | 57.9(9.6) | 27–89 | 0.13 | −0.17 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 103.2(16.5) | 64–179.5 | 0.46 | 0.40 |
| Hearing sensitivity, PTA worse ear, dB HL | 21.0(15.0) | −3.8–125 | 2.08 | 7.56 |
| DDT score, % correct | 78.8(11.4) | 35.3–100 | −0.31 | −0.27 |
| WRCM score, % correct | 54.5(17.2) | 0–92 | −0.88 | 0.66 |
| Cognitive function | 0(1) | −6.4–3.5 | −1.24 | 4.45 |
| Brain aging | 0(1) | −6.2–3.2 | −1.29 | 4.19 |
| mGCIPL, worse eye, μm | 77.1(9.0) | 23–98 | −1.57 | 5.58 |
| Psychological well-being | 81.1(12.5) | 24–98 | −0.94 | 0.54 |
Note. Sample sizes differ slightly due to missing data; If not stated otherwise measure was collected at the 10-year follow-up; Long-term elevated inflammation was based on measures from stored blood samples from the baseline and 5-year follow-up, where we measured high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, interleukin-6, vascular cell adhesion protein 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1. Long-term elevated inflammation was defined as being repeatedly in the highest group for at least one inflammation marker at baseline and 5-year follow-up. For high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, participants were divided into three risk groups (<1, 1–3, and >3mg/L) according to established cut-points and we compared the highest risk group to the rest. For the other three markers, we compared the highest tertile against the rest.
DDT, dichotic digits test; M, mean; mGCIPL, macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer; SD, standard deviation; PTA, pure-tone average 0.5-4 kHz; WRCM, word recognition in competing message test.