Table 2.

Associations Between Psychological Well-Being (per 1SD Increase) and Hearing, Vision and Olfaction

	Model 1 a	Model 2 b
	B (95% CI)	B (95% CI)
Hearing sensitivity score, in dB HL c	−1.00 (−1.61,−0.40)**	−0.91 (−1.64,−0.18)*
Dichotic digits test score, in % d	1.02 (0.52,1.53)***	0.91 (0.35,1.48)**
Word recognition score, in % d	0.48 (−0.22,1.18)	0.56 (−0.26,1.37)
Visual acuity score, in letters correct c	0.31 (0.02,0.60)*	0.20 (−0.14,0.54)
	OR (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)
Hearing sensitivity impairment c	0.88 (0.79,0.98)*	0.88 (0.77,0.99)*
Contrast sensitivity impairment c	0.87 (0.77,0.97)*	0.92 (0.81,1.05)
Olfactory impairment e	0.82 (0.68,1.00) †	0.88 (0.69,1.11)

^†p < .10;

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001.

Note: CI, confidence interval; dB HL, decibel hearing level; OR, odds ratio.

^aModel adjusted for age, sex and education

^bModel adjusted for age, sex, education, chronic health conditions and health behaviors (smoking, history of heavy alcohol consumption, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, long-term elevated inflammation, exercise and waist circumference)

^cGeneralized estimating equation model

^dMultivariable linear regression model

^eMultivariable logistic regression model