Table 3.
Risk analysis for CIN in association with higher level of Pb concentration, which is categorized by its median level in all subjects, comparing with different control groups
| N (case/control) | ORa (95% CI) | P | aORb (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compare with overall controls | |||||
| Low (< 4.8) | 11/50 | 1.00 (Ref.) | < 0.01 | 1.00 (Ref.) | < 0.01 |
| High (≥ 4.8) | 29/43 | 3.07 (1.40–7.09) | 3.61 (1.43–9.87) | ||
| Compare with non-cancerous/HPV infected | |||||
| Low (< 4.8) | 11/26 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.021 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.104 |
| High (≥ 4.8) | 29/24 | 2.86 (1.20–7.14) | 2.43 (0.85–7.36) | ||
| Compare with non-cancerous/non-HPV infected | |||||
| Low (< 4.8) | 11/24 | 1.00 (Ref.) | 0.010 | 1.00 (Ref.) | < 0.01 |
| High (≥ 4.8) | 29/19 | 3.33 (1.35–8.59) | 4.55 (1.55–15.07) | ||
Abbreviations: CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HPV, human papillomavirus; Pb, lead; OR, odds ratio; aOR, adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval
aUnadjusted OR estimated by the logistic regression model
bAdjusted OR estimated by the logistic regression model, controlling for women’s age effect in the model