Table 3.
Physicochemical parameters of environmental samples and their respective PPCP concentrations
| Compounds/water quality | Water type | pH | Temp | Elec cond | Salinity | Turbidity | DO | Conc (µg/L) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naproxen | Seawater | 7.65–8.36 | 16.1–19.9 | nd to 0.178 µg/L | (Lolić et al., 2015) | ||||
| River water | 331–777 | 0.16–0.38 | nd to 3.8 µg/L | (Madikizela & Chimuka, 2017) | |||||
| Raw water | 7.30–7.96 | 0.33–1.10 | 2.49–24.1 | < 0.25 µg/L | (Krakkó et al., 2019) | ||||
| Downstream | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.045 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| STP | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.056 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| Ciprofloxacin | Raw water | 7.30–7.96 | 0.33–1.10 | 2.49–24.1 | < 0.025–0.047 µg/L | (Krakkó et al., 2019) | |||
| Diclofenac | Raw water | 7.30–7.96 | 0.33–1.10 | 2.49–24.1 | 0.033–0.046 µg/L | (Krakkó et al., 2019) | |||
| River water | 331–777 | 0.16–0.38 | nd to 5.3 µg/L | (Madikizela & Chimuka, 2017) | |||||
| Seawater | 7.65–8.36 | 16.1–19.9 | nd to 0.0 241 µg/L | (Lolić et al., 2015) | |||||
| Downstream | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.035 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| STP | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.040 µg/L | ((Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| Tetracycline | Raw water | 7.30–7.96 | 0.33–1.10 | 2.49–24.1 | < 0.025 µg/L | (Krakkó et al., 2019) | |||
| Carbamazepine | Raw water | 7.30–7.96 | 0.33–1.10 | 2.49–24.1 | 0.023–0.037 µg/L | (Krakkó et al., 2019) | |||
| Surface water | 7.08–7.98 | 25.0–25.80 | 0.1 | 2.35 to 8.07 | 1.35–5.45 µg/L | (Yuan et al., 2019) | |||
| Surface water | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | 2.18–8.896 µg/L | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Sediment | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | MDL to 6.07 ng/g | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Swimming pool | 6.86–7.65 | 26.5–28.9 | 0.0007–0.0622 µg/L | (Fantuzzi et al., 2018) | |||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | Raw water | 7.30–7.96 | 0.33–1.10 | 2.49–24.1 | 0.014–0.048 µg/L | (Krakkó et al., 2019) | |||
| Surface water | 7.24–9.20 | nd to 0.24 µg/L | (Matongo et al., 2015) | ||||||
| Sediment | 7.24–9.20 | MDL | (Matongo et al., 2015) | ||||||
| Acetaminophen | Sea water | 7.65–8.36 | 16.1–19.9 | 0.0512–0.0584 µg/L | (Lolić et al., 2015) | ||||
| Surface water | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | 0.99–1.74 µg/L | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Sediment | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | MDL to 15.8 ng/g | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Ibuprofen | Seawater | 7.65–8.36 | 16.1–19.9 | nd to 0.0222 µg/L | (Lolić et al., 2015) | ||||
| Downstream | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.014 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| STP | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.011 µg/L | ((Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| River water | 331–777 | 0.16–0.38 | 4.8–11.0 µg/L | (Madikizela & Chimuka, 2017) | |||||
| Sediment | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | MDL to 65.90 ng/g | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Surface water | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | nd to 8.4 µg/L | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Raw water | 7.6–7.6 | 2.2–48.7 | < MDL to 0.0333 µg/L | (Reis et al., 2019) | |||||
| Swimming pool | 6.86–7.65 | 26.5–28.9 | 0.0161–0.0197 µg/L | (Fantuzzi et al., 2018) | |||||
| Ketoprofen | Seawater | 7.65–8.36 | 16.1–19.9 | 0.0103–0.0897 µg/L | (Lolić et al., 2015) | ||||
| Downstream | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.023 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| STP | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.039 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| Raw water | 7.6–7.6 | 2.2–48.7 | < MDL to 0.102 µg/L | (Reis et al., 2019) | |||||
| Swimming pool | 6.86–7.65 | 26.5–28.9 | 0.0007–0.0622 µg/L | (Fantuzzi et al., 2018) | |||||
| Swimming pool | 6.86–7.65 | 26.5–28.9 | 0.0126–0.0127 µg/L | (Fantuzzi et al., 2018) | |||||
| Bezafibrate | Downstream | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.004 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | ||||
| STP | 5.9–7.0 | 13 | 0.006 µg/L | (Lindqvist et al., 2005) | |||||
| Caffeine | Surface water | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | nd to 3.32 µg/L | (Matongo et al., 2015) | ||||
| Sediment | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | MDL to 1.32 ng/g | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Raw water | 7.6–7.6 | 2.2–48.7 | nd | (Reis et al., 2019) | |||||
| Erythromycin | Surface water | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | nd to 5.32 µg/L | (Matongo et al., 2015) | ||||
| Sediment | 7.24–9.20 | 18–24 | MDL | (Matongo et al., 2015) | |||||
| Swimming pool | 6.86–7.65 | 26.5–28.9 | 0.0024 µg/L | (Fantuzzi et al., 2018) | |||||
| Paracetamol | Swimming pool | 6.86–7.65 | 26.5–28.9 | 0.0016–0.0026 µg/L | (Fantuzzi et al., 2018) | ||||
| Triclosan | Surface | 7.08–7.98 | 25.0–25.8 | 0.2 | 2.35 to 8.07 | nd to 0.534 µg/L | (Yuan et al., 2019) |
nd not detected