Table 2.
General characteristics, and dietary information based on tertiles of adherence to the Western dietary pattern.
| Factors | Tertile of Western diet score | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Participants | ||||
| Controls | 409 (56.80) | 390 (52.14) | 210 (38.18) | 0.001* |
| Ductal (IDC) | 253 (35.14) | 307 (41.04) | 289 (52.55) | |
| Lobular (ILC) | 58 (8.06) | 51 (6.82) | 51 (9.27) | |
| Age (year) | 0.001* | |||
| < 40 | 481 (70.22) | 25 (3.24) | 23 (4.11) | |
| 41–50 | 22 (3.21) | 632 (81.76) | 14 (2.5) | |
| 51–60 | 74 (10.80) | 13 (1.68) | 435 (77.68) | |
| > 60 | 108 (15.77) | 103 (13.32) | 88 (15.71) | |
| Family history of BC | 0.001* | |||
| No | 599 (83.20) | 621 (83.02) | 400 (72.73) | |
| Second relative | 42 (5.83) | 46 (6.15) | 50 (9.09) | |
| First relative1 | 79 (10.97) | 81 (10.83) | 100 (18.18) | |
| Smoking | < 0.001* | |||
| No | 669 (92.92) | 646 (86.36) | 482 (87.64) | |
| Yes | 51 (7.08) | 102 (13.64) | 68 (12.36) | |
| OCP use | 0.06* | |||
| Never | 429 (59.58) | 401 (53.61) | 308 (56) | |
| Ever | 291 (40.42) | 347 (46.39) | 242 (44) | |
| Chest X-ray history | < 0.001* | |||
| No | 209 (29.03) | 232 (31.02) | 232 (42.18) | |
| Yes | 511 (70.97) | 516 (68.98) | 318 (57.82) | |
| History of benign breast disease | 0.61* | |||
| No | 653 (90.69) | 667 (89.17) | 492 (89.45) | |
| Yes | 67 (9.31) | 81 (10.83) | 58 (10.55) | |
| Physical activity2 | 0.07* | |||
| No | 593 (82.36) | 580 (77.54) | 441 (80.18) | |
| Yes | 127 (17.64) | 168 (22.46) | 109 (19.82) | |
| BMI | 0.08* | |||
| Normal (18.50–24.99) | 248 (34.44) | 224 (29.95) | 153 (27.82) | |
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 20 (2.78) | 12 (1.60) | 12 (2.18) | |
| Overweight (25.00 to 29.99) | 325 (45.14) | 355 (47.46) | 264 (48) | |
| Obese (≥ 30.00) | 127 (17.64) | 157 (20.99) | 121 (22) | |
| Age at first delivery (year) | 0.001* | |||
| < 18 | 185 (25.70) | 238 (31.82) | 178 (32.36) | |
| 18–23 | 177 (24.58) | 233 (31.15) | 180 (32.73) | |
| 24–30 | 136 (18.89) | 103 (13.77) | 89 (16.18) | |
| ≥ 31 | 141 (19.58) | 123 (16.44) | 70 (12.73) | |
| Nulliparous | 81 (11.25) | 51 (6.82) | 33 (6.0) | |
| Breastfeeding (month) | 0.001* | |||
| 0–5 | 198 (27.50) | 128 (17.11) | 92 (16.73) | |
| 6–17 | 52 (7.22) | 52 (6.95) | 35 (6.36) | |
| 18–29 | 117 (16.25) | 89 (11.90) | 56 (10.18) | |
| 30–41 | 81 (11.25) | 74 (9.89) | 69 (12.55) | |
| ≥ 42 | 272 (37.78) | 405 (54.15) | 298 (54.18) | |
| History of miscarriage | 0.003* | |||
| No | 511 (70.97) | 504 (67.38) | 340 (61.82) | |
| Yes | 209 (29.03) | 244 (32.62) | 210 (38.18) | |
| Menarche age (year) | 0.008* | |||
| < 12 | 125 (17.36) | 88 (11.76) | 94 (17.09) | |
| 12–13 | 284 (39.44) | 340 (45.46) | 214 (38.91) | |
| ≥ 14 | 311 (43.20) | 320 (42.78) | 242 (44) | |
| Menopausal status3 | 0.001* | |||
| Pre-menopausal | 548 (76.11) | 555 (74.20) | 156 (28.36) | |
| Post-menopausal | 172 (23.89) | 193 (25.80) | 394 (71.64) | |
| Dietary variables | ||||
| Energy intake kcal per day (mean (SD) | 2354.41 ± 502.34 | 2684.23 ± 629.54 | 2784.03 ± 607.43 | < 0.0001** |
| Cream gram per day (mean ± SD) | 1.55 (3.87) | 2.36 (4.69) | 3.14 (5.47) | < 0.0001** |
| Egg gram per day (mean ± SD) | 10.25 (11.21) | 16.29 (14.58) | 24.90 (18.40) | < 0.0001** |
| Red and processed meat gram per day (mean ± SD) | 48.21 (42.30) | 73.05 (54.61) | 118.11 (62.51) | < 0.0001** |
| Butter gram per day (mean ± SD) | 1.80 (5.51) | 3.74 (8.01) | 6.18 (9.99) | < 0.0001** |
| Margarine gram per day (mean ± SD) | 7.84 (12.93) | 11.51 (15.41) | 14.85 (17.20) | 0.001** |
| Animal fat gram per day (mean ± SD) | 0.02 (0.29) | 0.11 (0.91) | 0.51 (1.78) | < 0.0001** |
| Pasta gram per day (mean ± SD) | 32.43 (39.75) | 32.22 (42.10) | 41.62 (65.94) | < 0.0001** |
| Sugar gram per day (mean ± SD) | 10.94 (26.97) | 15.81 (43.24) | 27.92 (64.32) | < 0.0001** |
| Dressing gram per day (mean ± SD) | 2.80 (6.61) | 6.24 (9.66) | 10.08 (11.36) | < 0.0001** |
| Dips gram per day (mean ± SD) | 2.99 (6.26) | 5.85 (9.06) | 8.01 (12.03) | < 0.0001** |
| Vegetable gram per day (mean ± SD) | 184.04 (150.51) | 204.76 (141.26) | 208.91 (131.48) | < 0.0001** |
| Fruits gram per day (mean ± SD) | 119.94 (111.78) | 132.03 (106.63) | 149.71 (110.95) | < 0.0001** |
IDC invasive ductal carcinoma, ILC invasive lobular carcinoma, BC breast cancer; SD standard deviation, OCP oral contraceptive pills, BMI body mass index.
p values are based on *the Chi-squared test or **one-way ANOVA test.
1First or both first and second relatives.
2Based on WHO definition: 30 min or more of moderate aerobic activity at least 3 or more times/week on a regular basis.
3Only natural menopause.