TABLE 3.

Overall and subgroup analysis results regarding the effects of Traditional Chinese Exercises on cognition function.

Outcomes	Overall and Subgroup analysis	No. of studies	SMD (95%CI)	P-value	Test of heterogeneity
					χ2	P-value	I2 (%)
Global cognition function	Overall	7	0.32 (0.18, 0.47)	<0.001	5.21	0.517	0
	TCEs vs. Active control	6	0.29 (0.15, 0.44)	<0.001	3.60	0.608	0
	TCEs vs. Inactive control	3	0.58 (0.21, 0.94)	0.002	0.29	0.867	0
	Tai Chi	4	0.36 (0.15, 0.56)	0.001	4.17	0.243	28.1
	Qigong	3	0.33 (−0.04, 0.70)	0.077	1.04	0.595	0
	<24 weeks	4	0.35 (0.06, 0.64)	0.017	4.53	0.210	33.8
	≥24 weeks	3	0.38 (0.16, 0.61)	0.001	0.23	0.890	0
	Educational level < 6 years	3	0.31 (0.12, 0.51)	0.002	2.61	0.271	23.5
	Educational level ≥ 6 years	4	0.43 (0.12, 0.74)	0.007	2.05	0.563	0
	Group practices	5	0.49 (0.21, 0.77)	0.001	2.68	0.613	0
	Group and Home practices	2	0.27 (0.10, 0.43)	0.001	0.79	0.375	0
	Petersen diagnostic criteria	5	0.32 (0.17, 0.47)	<0.001	3.11	0.539	0
	Neuropsychological test diagnostic criteria	2	0.39 (−0.23, 1.02)	0.214	2.00	0.158	49.9
Short-term memory function	Overall	6	0.22 (0.05, 0.39)	0.013	6.13	0.294	18.4
	TCEs vs. Active control	4	0.22 (−0.01, 0.45)	0.056	5.10	0.165	41.1
	TCEs vs. Inactive control	3	0.28 (−0.04, 0.60)	0.082	1.02	0.600	0
	<24 weeks	3	0.29 (0.10, 0.47)	0.003	1.61	0.447	0
	≥24 weeks	3	0.14 (−0.15, 0.43)	0.342	2.79	0.248	28.3
	Educational level < 6 years	2	0.14 (−0.11, 0.38)	0.282	2.23	0.136	55.1
	Educational level ≥ 6 years	4	0.36 (0.08, 0.64)	0.011	2.19	0.534	0
Long-term memory function	Overall	5	0.53 (0.20, 0.86)	0.002	14.90	0.005	73.1
	TCEs vs. Active control	3	0.27 (0.11, 0.43)	0.001	1.40	0.496	0
	TCEs vs. Inactive control	3	0.83 (0.31, 1.34)	0.002	4.73	0.094	57.8
	<24 weeks	2	0.42 (−0.12, 0.95)	0.126	3.63	0.057	72.4
	≥24 weeks	3	0.65 (0.07, 1.23)	0.028	8.74	0.013	77.1
	Educational level < 6 years	2	0.28 (0.09.0.47)	0.004	1.33	0.249	24.7
	Educational level ≥ 6 years	3	0.80 (0.25, 1.36)	0.005	5.52	0.063	63.7
Shifting§	Overall	5	−0.39 (−0.54, −0.25)	<0.001	2.66	0.615	0
	TCEs vs. Active control	3	−0.36 (−0.52, −0.20)	<0.001	1.03	0.596	0
	TCEs vs. Inactive control	2	−0.58 (−0.96, −0.21)	0.002	0.45	0.502	0
	<24 weeks	3	−0.45 (−0.70, −0.20)	<0.001	2.53	0.283	20.8
	≥24 weeks	2	−0.38 (−0.61, −0.15)	0.001	0.10	0.747	0
	Educational level < 6 years	2	−0.34 (−0.50, −0.17)	<0.001	0.05	0.828	0
	Educational level ≥ 6 years	3	−0.60 (−0.92, −0.29)	<0.001	0.48	0.785	0
Language ability	Overall	3	0.32 (0.13, 0.51)	0.001	2.56	0.279	21.7
	<24 weeks	2	0.45 (0.00, 0.90)	0.049	2.25	0.133	55.6
	≥24 weeks	1	0.26 (0.00, 0.51)	0.048	0	–	0
Visuospatial perception	Overall	4	0.31 (0.15, 0.46)	<0.001	1.53	0.675	0
	TCEs vs. Active control	2	0.27 (0.11, 0.44)	0.001	0.49	0.482	0
	TCEs vs. Inactive control	2	0.48 (0.11, 0.85)	0.012	0.06	0.804	0
	<24 weeks	2	0.27 (0.05, 0.50)	0.017	1.10	0.295	8.7
	≥24 weeks	2	0.36 (0.15, 0.46)	0.002	0.08	0.773	0

TCEs, Traditional Chinese Exercises. ^§Negative effect sizes of shifting indicate greater improvement induced by TCEs.