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. 2022 Apr 7;12:5850. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09882-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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GBCAs increased astrocytes migration via RhoGTPase signalling pathway. (A) Representative photomicrographs showing the effects of Rhosin, a RhoA inhibitor, CASIN, a Cdc42 inhibitor, ML–141, a Rac1/Cdc42 inhibitor, and/or EHT-1864, a Rac1 inhibitor, on Omniscan-accelerated C6 cell migration measured using a wound-healing assay. (D-E) Quantitative analysis of the effects of Rhosin, CASIN, ML–141, and/or EHT–1864 on GBCAs-accelerated cell migration, measured using wound healing assays using C6 cells. (F) The proposed mechanism of GBCAs effect in astrocyte migration. Bars represent 50 μm. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. ****p < 0.0001, indicates statistical significance were analysed by two-way ANOVA continued with post hoc Bonferroni’s or Turkey test compared with the control. ^####p < 0.0001, ^###p < 0.001, ^##p < 0.01, indicates statistical significance were analysed by two-way ANOVA continued with post hoc Bonferroni’s or Turkey.