TABLE 1.

3D bioprinting techniques for indirect 3D bioprinting covered in this review.

3D bioprinting techniques	Sacrificial mold or patrix fabrication	Supported bioink viscosity	Minimum feature resolution	Printing speed	Shape fidelity	Frequency of use	References
Extrusion	Sacrificial mold and patrix fabrication	Wide range of 30–6 × 107 mPa s	>100 μm	Moderate	Good	+++	Murphy and Atala, (2014)
							Massa et al. (2017)
							Yang et al. (2020)
							Zou et al. (2020)
Inkjet	Sacrificial mold and patrix fabrication	Low in most cases	10–100 μm	High	Poor	+++	Yeong et al. (2007)
							Chahal et al. (2012)
							Schöneberg et al. (2018)
							Xu et al. (2018)
Light-assisted	Sacrificial mold and patrix fabrication	Low	5–300 μm	High	Good	+	Kang and Cho, (2012)
							Mandrycky et al. (2016)
							Ji et al. (2019)
							Thomas et al. (2020)
Embedded extrusion	Patrix fabrication in sacrificial supporting bath	Low to medium	At millimeter level	Slow	Medium	++	Rocca et al. (2018)
							Štumberger and Vihar, (2018)
							Afghah et al. (2020)
							Chiesa et al. (2020)