TABLE 2.
Common biomaterial inks for indirect 3D bioprinting covered in this review.
| Biomaterials | Scaffold or sacrificial material | Natural or synthetic | Biodegradable or non-degradable | Biocompatibility | Mechanical property | Combinations | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gelatin | Scaffold and sacrificial material | Natural | Biodegradable | Good | Poor | PVA, Pluronic, agarose, HA, xanthan-gum | Earlobe-shaped channel system, liver model | Liu et al. (2008) |
| Benton et al. (2009) | ||||||||
| Nichol et al. (2010) | ||||||||
| O’Bryan et al. (2017) | ||||||||
| Štumberger and Vihar, (2018) | ||||||||
| Fibrin | Scaffold material | Natural | Biodegradable | Good | Poor | Gelatin, carbohydrate glass | Arteriole/venule | Hu et al. (2018) |
| Schöneberg et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Duarte Campos et al. (2020) | ||||||||
| Alginate | Scaffold and sacrificial material | Natural | Biodegradable | Good | Medium | PVA, agarose, Pluronic F127, carbohydrate glass | Human heart- and kidney-like objects | Lee and Mooney, (2012) |
| Rocca et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Piras and Smith, (2020) | ||||||||
| SF | Scaffold material | Natural | Biodegradable | Good | Good | Thermoplastic, plaster | Bone and cartilage engineering | Liu et al. (2013) |
| Bidgoli et al. (2019) | ||||||||
| PVA | Sacrificial material | Synthetic | Biodegradable | Good | Good | Gelatin, silk, agarose, alginate, fibrin, Matrigel, PLCL, PUU | 100–1750 μm diameter channels | Tocchio et al. (2015) |
| Hernández-Córdova et al. (2016) | ||||||||
| Hu et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Im et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Kim et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Charron et al. (2019) | ||||||||
| Wu et al. (2019) | ||||||||
| HA | Sacrificial material | Synthetic | Biodegradable | Good | Poor | Gelatin | Enzymatically digestible, 360–720 μm diameter channels | Thomas et al. (2020) |
| Agarose fiber | Sacrificial material | Natural | Biodegradable | Good | Good | Alginate, Gelatin | 100–1,000 μm diameter channels | Bertassoni et al. (2014) |
| Massa et al. (2017) | ||||||||
| López-Marcial et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Carbohydrate glass | Sacrificial material | Synthetic | Non-degradable | Cytotoxic when dissolved | Good | PEG, fibrin, alginate, agarose | 150–750 μm diameter channels | Khattak et al. (2005) |
| Miller et al. (2012) | ||||||||
| Pluronic F127 | Sacrificial material | Synthetic | Non-degradable | Cytotoxic | Good | Gelatin, sodium alginate, decellularized extracellular matrix | 150–3,000 μm diameter channels | Homan et al. (2016) |
| Daly et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Ding and Chang, (2018) | ||||||||
| Hu et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Xu et al. (2018) | ||||||||
| Yang et al. (2020) |