TABLE 1.
Transgenic Arabidopsis plants and mutants used in the study.
| Targeted Organelle(s) | Name used for fluorescent fusion protein/color | Characteristic feature(s) of transgenic line | References |
| Single transgenic | |||
| Plastid (stroma) | tpFNR-EGFP/G | Stroma and stromules green | Schattat et al., 2011a |
| Plastid (stroma) | Pt-YK/Y | ABRC stock CS16267; pea RUBISCO small subunit fused to EYFP, stroma – stromules yellow | Nelson et al., 2007 |
| Plastid (OEM) | SFR2-mRFP/R | Highlights plastid OEM in red fluorescence | ∙ This study |
| Peroxisome matrix | YPeroxi/Y | Yellow fluorescent peroxisomes and peroxules YFP-SKL | Mathur et al., 2002 |
| Peroxisome matrix | GPeroxi/G | Green fluorescent peroxisomes due to GFP-SKL | Mano et al., 2002 |
| Mitochondrion matrix | mitoGFP/G | Green fluorescent mitochondria and matrixules due to targeting using a tpßATPase- GFP fusion protein | Logan and Leaver, 2000 |
| Mitochondrion matrix | Mt-YK = Ymito/Y | ABRC stock CS16264; mitochondrial targeting sequence from yeast ScCOX4 fused to EYFP | Nelson et al., 2007 |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen | GER/G | Green ER with GFP filled lumen due to ER targeting signal sequence appended to mGFP-HDEL | Haseloff et al., 1997 |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen | RER/R | Red fluorescent ER with mRFP filled lumen by fusion of ss-mRFP-HDEL | Sinclair et al., 2009 |
| Double and Triple transgenic | |||
| Plastid stroma + mitochondrion | tpFNR-EGFP – mtyk/G, Y | Plastids appear green, mitochondria yellow | ∙ This study |
| Plastid OEM + mitochondrion | SFR2mRFP – mitoGFP/R, G | Plastid OEM fluoresces red, mitochondria green | ∙ This study |
| Plastid stroma + peroxisome | tpFNR-EGFP – Yperoxi/G/Y | Plastids appear green peroxisomes yellow | Barton et al., 2013 |
| Plastid stroma + ER | tpFNR-EGFP- RER/G, R | Plastids appear green, ER lumen red fluorescent | Schattat et al., 2011a |
| Plastid OEM + ER | SFR2mRFP-GER/R, G | Plastid OEM red, ER lumen green fluorescent | ∙ This study |
| Plastid OEM + peroxisome + mitochondrion | SFR2mRFP- GPeroxi – Ymito/R, G,Y | Plastid OEM red, peroxisomes yellow, mitochondria green fluorescent | ∙ This study |
| Plastid + peroxisome + ER | tpFNR-EGFP - Yperoxi – RER/G, Y,R | Plastid stroma green, peroxisomes yellow, ER red fluorescent | Barton et al., 2013, 2014 |
| Peroxisomes + ER | YPeroxi-GER/Y, G | Normal peroxisomes yellow, ER green fluorescent | Barton et al., 2013, 2014 |
| Mitochondrion + ER | mitoGFP-RER/G, R | Normal mitochondria green, ER red fluorescent | Jaipargas et al., 2015, 2016 |
| Mitochondrion - peroxisomes | mtYK -GPeroxi | Yellow fluorescent mitochondria and green peroxisomes | Jaipargas et al., 2015, 2016 |
| Peroxisomes – mitochondrion - ER | GPeroxi-YMito-RER/Y, G, R | Normal peroxisomes Green, mitochondria yellow, ER red fluorescent | Jaipargas et al., 2015; Delfosse et al., 2016 |
| Mitochondrion-Peroxisome - ER | Gmito-Yperoxi-RER/G, Y, R | Normal mitochondria Green, peroxisomes yellow, ER red fluorescent | Barton et al., 2013; Jaipargas et al., 2015 |
| Mutation and transgene | |||
| apm1 | At4g33650; aberrant peroxisome morphology1/G | Green fluorescent, elongated peroxisomes and mitochondria due to impaired fission | Mano et al., 2004; Arimura et al., 2004 |
| apm1-RER | /G, R | Elongated peroxisomes and red ER lumen | Sinclair et al., 2009; Barton et al., 2013, 2014 |
| apm1-MtYK | /G, Y | Green elongated peroxisomes, yellow elongated mitochondria | ∙ This study |
| apm1-MtYK – SFR2mRFP | /G, Y, R | Elongated Green peroxisomes and yellow mitochondria, red plastid OEM | ∙ This study |
| apm1-MtYK – RER | /G, Y, R | Green elongated peroxisomes, yellow elongated mitochondria, red ER lumen | ∙ This study |
| arc6 | At5g42480 accumulation and replication of chloroplasts1/- | Enlarged mesophyll chloroplasts, detected by chlorophyll autofluorescence | Pyke et al., 1994 |
| arc6-tpFNR EGFP | /G | Green stroma in large plastids, many stroma-filled extensions | Delfosse et al., 2016 |
| arc6 tpFNREGFP-RER | /G, R | Green stroma in large plastids and red ER lumen | Mathur, 2021 |
| arc6 tpFNREGFP-RER – YPeroxi | /G, R, Y | Green stroma in large plastids, red ER lumen and yellow peroxisomes | ∙ This study |
| elm1 | At5g22350 elongated mitochondria1/G | Elongated, green tubular mitochondria | Arimura et al., 2008 |
| elm1-RER | /G, R | Tubular mitochondria and red ER lumen | Jaipargas et al., 2015 |
EGFP, G-enhanced green fluorescent protein; YFP, Y-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; mRFP, R-monomeric red fluorescent protein; OEM, plastid outer envelope membrane; tp, transit peptide.