Table 1. Study Population Characteristics.
| Characteristic | Participant race and ethnicitya | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian (n = 22 924) | Black (n = 61 226) | Hispanic or Latino (n = 71 567) | White (n = 273 478) | All (N = 429 195) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 42 (31-55) | 42 (29-56) | 38 (28-51) | 48 (33-62) | 46 (31-60) |
| Age group, y | |||||
| 18-39 | 44.6 (43.5-45.6) | 44.8 (44.1-45.5) | 53.7 (53.0-54.3) | 34.5 (34.0-34.9) | 39.0 (38.6-39.4) |
| 40-64 | 42.1 (41.2-43.0) | 42.2 (41.7-42.8) | 37.2 (36.7-37.7) | 44.7 (44.4-45.1) | 43.2 (42.9-43.5) |
| ≥65 | 13.4 (12.7-14.0) | 12.9 (12.5-13.3) | 9.1 (8.8-9.5) | 20.8 (20.5-21.1) | 17.8 (17.5-18.0) |
| Sex | |||||
| Women | 52.8 (52.0-53.6) | 55.0 (54.5-55.6) | 49.3 (48.8-49.8) | 51.6 (51.4-51.8) | 51.7 (51.5-51.9) |
| Men | 47.2 (46.4-48.0) | 45.0 (44.4-45.5) | 50.7 (50.2-51.2) | 48.4 (48.2-48.7) | 48.3 (48.1-48.5) |
| US citizenship (n = 428 343) | 69.7 (68.5-70.8) | 95.3 (94.9-95.6) | 65.2 (64.3-66.1) | 98.5 (98.4-98.5) | 91.8 (91.5-92.0) |
| Educational level attained (n = 426 934) | |||||
| Less than high school | 9.4 (8.8-10.1) | 16.8 (16.3-17.3) | 35.3 (34.5-36.0) | 9.5 (9.3-9.7) | 14.1 (13.8-14.4) |
| High school diploma/GED | 26.8 (26.5-27.1) | 30.3 (29.7-30.9) | 26.5 (26.0-27.0) | 26.8 (26.5-27.1) | 26.6 (26.4-26.9) |
| Some college | 22.3 (21.4-23.1) | 33.3 (32.7-34.0) | 25.0 (24.4-25.5) | 31.4 (31.1-31.7) | 30.2 (30.0-60.5) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 32.3 (31.8-32.8) | 19.6 (19.0-20.2) | 13.3 (12.8-13.7) | 32.3 (31.8-32.8) | 29.1 (28.6-29.5) |
| Annual income <200% federal poverty levelb | 28.0 (24.9-31.3) | 46.4 (44.1-48.7) | 51.4 (49.4-48.7) | 24.0 (23.0-25.0) | 30.8 (29.9-31.7) |
| Uninsured at the time of interview (n = 427 762) | 12.0 (11.4-12.6) | 18.1 (17.6-18.6) | 33.4 (32.6-34.2) | 10.3 (10.1-10.6) | 14.7 (14.5-15.0) |
| US regionc | |||||
| Northeast | 19.7 (18.4-21.2) | 15.9 (15.1-16.8) | 13.7 (12.8-14.6) | 18.9 (18.4-19.5) | 17.8 (17.4-18.3) |
| Midwest | 13.1 (12.0-14.2) | 17.5 (16.6-18.5) | 9.2 (8.3-10.0) | 28.0 (27.3-28.7) | 23.2 (22.7-23.8) |
| South | 22.0 (20.6-23.5) | 58.2 (56.8-59.6) | 36.6 (35.1-38.1) | 33.8 (33.0-34.5) | 36.5 (35.8-37.1) |
| West | 45.2 (43.3-47.1) | 8.4 (7.9-8.9) | 40.6 (39.0-42.2) | 19.4 (18.8-20.0) | 22.5 (22.0-23.1) |
| Married or living with partner (n = 427 923) | 64.5 (63.5-65.5) | 34.5 (33.9-35.1) | 53.0 (52.4-53.6) | 57.8 (57.3-58.2) | 54.7 (54.3-55.0) |
| Employment status (n = 428 865) | |||||
| With a job/working | 65.1 (64.2-66.0) | 59.9 (59.2-60.5) | 65.3 (64.7-65.9) | 62.3 (61.9-62.7) | 62.6 (62.3-62.9) |
| Not in labor force | 30.8 (29.9-31.7) | 31.9 (31.2-32.5) | 29.1 (28.5-29.7) | 34.3 (33.9-34.6) | 33.0 (32.7-33.4) |
| Unemployed | 4.1 (3.8-4.4) | 8.3 (8.0-8.6) | 5.7 (5.4-5.9) | 3.5 (3.4-3.6) | 4.4 (4.3-4.5) |
| Poor or fair health | 8.9 (8.4-9.4) | 17.7 (17.3-18.2) | 13.8 (13.4-14.2) | 11.7 (11.5-12.0) | 12.6 (12.4-12.8) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 22.2 (21.4-23.0) | 36.2 (35.6-36.9) | 20.7 (20.3-21.2) | 30.4 (30.1-30.7) | 29.3 (29.0-29.5) |
| Diabetes | 7.7 (7.3-8.2) | 11.6 (11.2-11.9) | 9.1 (8.8-9.4) | 8.2 (8.1-8.4) | 8.7 (8.6-8.8) |
| Prior stroke/MI | 2.7 (2.4-3.3) | 5.4 (5.2-5.7) | 3.1 (2.9-3.3) | 6.0 (5.9-6.1) | 5.3 (5.2-5.4) |
| Cancer | 3.1 (2.9-3.4) | 4.2 (4.0-4.4) | 2.9 (2.8-3.1) | 10.6 (10.4-10.7) | 8.3 (8.2-8.4) |
| Emphysema/chronic bronchitis | 1.8 (1.6-2.0) | 4.6 (4.4-4.8) | 2.8 (2.6-2.9) | 5.8 (5.6-5.9) | 5.0 (4.9-5.1) |
| Current smoker | 9.6 (9.1-10.1) | 18.8 (18.3-19.3) | 12.5 (12.2-12.9) | 19.6 (19.3-19.9) | 18.0 (17.8-18.2) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30) | 9.7 (9.2-10.3) | 37.5 (36.9-38.1) | 30.9 (30.3-31.4) | 27.0 (26.8-27.3) | 28.0 (27.7-28.2) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); GED, general equivalency diploma; MI, myocardial infarction.
a
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as weighted percentage of participants (95% CI).
b
Annual household income was categorized relative to the respective year’s federal poverty level from the US Census Bureau into middle to high income (≥200%) and low income (<200%). The weighted proportion of individuals with annual income at less than 200% of the federal poverty level was estimated using multiple imputation.
c
Based on where the housing unit of the survey participant was located. The 4 regions correspond to the regions recognized by the US Census Bureau.