Table 3. Associations of Glucose-Level Groups With Offspring Birth Outcomesa.
| Variable | Gestational diabetes vs no gestational diabetes | Trajectory 2 vs trajectory 1b | Trajectory 3 vs trajectory 1b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome as continuous variable, β (95% CI) | |||
| Birth weight in grams | 40.43 (9.79 to 71.07) | –36.15 (–124.09 to 51.79) | 92.88 (12.88 to 172.89) |
| Birth length in centimeters | 0.06 (–0.01 to 0.13) | –0.23 (–0.44 to –0.02) | 0.13 (–0.07 to 0.32) |
| Outcome as categorical variable, OR (95% CI) | |||
| SGA | 0.85 (0.58 to 1.24) | 0.91 (0.32 to 2.55) | 0.43 (0.10 to 1.78) |
| LGA | 1.36 (1.05 to 1.75) | 0.59 (0.21 to 1.65) | 2.24 (1.30 to 3.89) |
| Macrosomia | 1.47 (1.12 to 1.94) | 1.10 (0.50 to 2.41) | 2.20 (1.20 to 4.03) |
| LBW | 0.81 (0.44 to 1.51) | 1.32 (0.35 to 5.02) | 0.76 (0.15 to 3.71) |
Abbreviations: LBW, low birth weight; LGA, large size for gestational age; OR, odds ratio; SGA, small size for gestational age.
a
Adjusted for sex, educational level, income, maternal age, maternal smoking or drinking, depression, anxiety, physical activity level, sleep quality, energy intake in late pregnancy, history of diabetes, prepregnancy body mass index category, gestational weight gain, parity, gestational age, delivery mode, and father’s body mass index.
b
Trajectory 1, consistently normal glucose levels in all 3 trimesters; trajectory 2, hyperglycemia only in late pregnancy; and trajectory 3, hyperglycemia in all 3 trimesters (ie, consistently high glucose levels).