Table 2.
Masticatory behavior while eating a rice ball in the laboratory.
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n | Number of chews |
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Number of chews per bite |
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Number of bites |
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Chewing rate (/min) |
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median (IQR) | P value | median (IQR) | P value | median (IQR) | P value | median (IQR) | P value | ||||||||||
| All | 99 | 192 (106) | —a | 10.7 (5.1) | — | 18.0 (7.5) | — | 70.7 (8.6) | — | ||||||||||
| Sex | — | — | .009 | — | .01 | — | <.001 | — | .008 | ||||||||||
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Men | 50 | 172 (106) | — | 11.7 (7.6) | — | 15.0 (7.5) | — | 72.3 (10.2) | — | |||||||||
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Women | 49 | 208 (106) | — | 10.1 (3.6) | — | 21.0 (9.0) | — | 70.1 (9.3) | — | |||||||||
| MetSb | — | — | .24 | — | .83 | — | .39 | — | .25 | ||||||||||
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Yes | 8 | 171 (67) | — | 11.6 (7.7) | — | 16.5 (5.8) | — | 72.9 (12.9) | — | |||||||||
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No | 91 | 199 (110) | — | 10.7 (5.1) | — | 18.5 (8.0) | — | 70.4 (9.2) | — | |||||||||
| pre-MetS | — | — | .02 | — | .92 | — | .04 | — | .39 | ||||||||||
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Yes | 14 | 162 (56) | — | 11.6 (7.2) | — | 15.0 (8.5) | — | 71.7 (10.7) | — | |||||||||
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No | 85 | 202 (114) | — | 10.7 (5.0) | — | 19.0 (9.0) | — | 70.4 (8.8) | — | |||||||||
| possible MetS | — | — | <.001 | — | .74 | — | .001 | — | .92 | ||||||||||
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Yes | 52 | 174 (84) | — | 10.6 (5.8) | — | 16.3 (7.3) | — | 71.4 (9.9) | — | |||||||||
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No | 47 | 214 (114) | — | 10.8 (4.6) | — | 20.5 (9.5) | — | 70.3 (8.6) | — | |||||||||
| Abdominal circumference (m) | — | — | .004 | — | .90 | — | .006 | — | .86 | ||||||||||
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ACc(+) | 24 | 166 (80) | — | 10.9 (7.1) | — | 15.0 (7.5) | — | 71.2 (10.5) | — | |||||||||
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AC(–) | 75 | 206 (118) | — | 10.7 (4.8) | — | 20.0 (10.5) | — | 70.4 (8.5) | — | |||||||||
| Serum lipid (mmol/L) | — | — | .04 | — | .87 | — | .15 | — | .73 | ||||||||||
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SLd(+) | 13 | 161 (48) | — | 11.7 (7.9) | — | 17.0 (9.5) | — | 71.3 (14.1) | — | |||||||||
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SL(–) | 86 | 203 (113) | — | 10.7 (4.9) | — | 18.5 (8.6) | — | 70.5 (8.4) | — | |||||||||
| Blood pressure (mm Hg) | — | — | .01 | — | .91 | — | .02 | — | .91 | ||||||||||
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BPe(+) | 36 | 168 (84) | — | 10.9 (5.6) | — | 16.3 (6.4) | — | 71.4 (9.9) | — | |||||||||
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BP(–) | 63 | 206 (113) | — | 10.7 (4.9) | — | 20.0 (10.0) | — | 70.4 (8.5) | — | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | — | — | .77 | — | .76 | — | .65 | — | .40 | ||||||||||
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GLUf(+) | 7 | 208 (90) | — | 11.5 (5.2) | — | 17.0 (11.0) | — | 73.4 (6.5) | — | |||||||||
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GLU(–) | 92 | 191 (110) | — | 10.7 (5.2) | — | 18.3 (7.9) | — | 70.4 (9.4) | — | |||||||||
aNot applicable.
bMetS: metabolic syndrome.
cAC: abdominal circumference (men ≥0.85 m, women ≥0.90 m).
dSL: serum lipids (triglyceride ≥1.69 mmol/L or HDL cholesterol <1.04 mmol/L).
eBP: blood pressure (systolic pressure ≥130 mm Hg or diastolic pressure ≥85 mm Hg).
fGLU: fasting glucose concentration (≥6.1 mmol/L).