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. 2022 Mar;8(1):117–131. doi: 10.21037/jss-21-100

Table 2. Summary of all known designs of SMART spinal implants available across all sources i.e., primary, secondary academic literature, commercial website, patents etc.

Source Design Power system Sensor Intended location
Rohlmann et al. Modified Dick internal fixator Wireless inductive coupling (passive) Strain-gauge Rods/posterior fixators
Contains six load sensors, eight-channel telemetry unit, inductive power coil and an antenna
Rohlmann et al. Modified VBR Wireless inductive coupling (passive) Strain-gauge VBR
Contains six load sensors, nine-channel telemetry unit, inductive power coil and an antenna
Smith et al. Modified cannulated pedicle screws Wired Strain-gauge Pedicle screws
Contains strain gauges and wires within the neck and proximal end of the screw
Janna et al. Cylindrical accelerometer design able to inserted into narrow nails and screws Undefined Accelerometer Orthopaedic nails and screws
Contains at least one sensor and microelectronic components including memory device, power supply and communications components
Intellirod SpineTM Titanium/zirconia ceramic, single use strain sensor with radio-frequency transmission Wireless inductive coupling (passive) Strain-gauge Rods
Clamps onto rods during kyphotic correction
Anderson et al. Modified tire pressure sensor Wireless inductive coupling (passive) Pressure-sensor Interbody cage
MEMS-based technology Accelerometer
Compactly contains a load sensor, a two-axis accelerometer, a thermometer and a radio-frequency transmitter Longevity of 1 year in standby mode Thermometer
Barri et al. Fowler-Nordheim sensor-data-logger attached to polymer model of the spine Self-powered energy harvesting system based on Fowler-Nordheim quantum tunnelling Strain-gauge Rods

VBR, vertebral body replacement.