Table 1.

New approaches that target cholesterol metabolism in GBM

Drugs	Targets	Mechanisms	References
PF-429242 Quercetin, phytol, retinol MicroRNA-132 MicroRNA -29	S1P SREBP-1 SIRT1 SREBP-1/SCAP	Inhibit lipid and cholesterol synthesis	19-23
Avasimibe K604 L365260, YM022	SOAT1	Inhibit the cholesterol esterification, apoptotsis, inhibit Akt signaling	24,26,30,31
LXR-623, GW3965 4-7rr, 4-13,4-13rr Efavirenz MI-2	LXRs LXRβ CYP46A1 LSS	Reduce the uptake of cholesterol and promote cholesterol efflux	33,34,37,39
Pregnenolone	Bcl-2, Fas/FasL	Activate the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways	49
Loperamide, pimozide Archazolid B Itraconazole	SMPD1 NPC1 SCP2	Disrupt the cellular cholesterol trafficking	67,68,71
i6A derivatives, CM223, ZOL	FDPS	Activate γδ T cells, inhibit EGFR and Akt/STAT3 signaling	77,78,82
Statins	HMGCR iGluRs mGluRs p38 MAPK pathway	Inhibit ERK1/2 and Akt signaling, Destroy cell membrane lipid rafts, Apoptosis, inhibit the MT1-MMP expression, Block the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes	52,66,83-87

iGluRs: ionotropic glutamate receptors, mGluRs: metabotropic glutamate receptors. B cell lymphoma-2: Bcl-2, Fas: FS7-associated cell surface antigen, FasL: FS7-associated cell surface antigen ligand, LSS: Lanosterol synthase, MT1-MMP: Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase, CYP46A1: cytochrome P450 46A1, SMPD1: sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1.