Table 1.
Application of plant metabolomics in the quality evaluation of CMM
| Application | Species | Data processing technique | Analytical techniques | Number of metabolites | Biomarker | Effect | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbal source | |||||||
| Species identification | Glycyrrhiza Uralensis, Glycyrrhiza inflata or Glycyrrhiza glabra | / | DART (Direct Analysis in Real Time)-MS | 1 | Licochalcone A (LA) | Pain relief, antitussive, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, enhanced immunity | [56] |
| Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua | PCA | 1D- and 2D-NMR | 24 | 24 semi-polar components | Anti-malaria, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory | [57] | |
| Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia albiflora | KNN, LDA, SVM, PLS-DA | 1H NMR and ICP-AES/ICP-MS | 8 | 4-aminobutyrate, acetate, alanine, arginine, asparagine, benzoate, choline, citrate, glucose, etc | Regulation of immunity, suppression of inflammatory response, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-infection | [58] | |
| Hippopahe gyantsensis., Hippopahe Neurocarpa and Hippopahe tibetana | PCA | 1H-NMR | 32 | Flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, and fatty acids | Regulation of metabolism, anti-tumor | [59] | |
| Habitat identification | Panax ginseng | OPLS-DA | UPLC-Q-TOF–MS | 23 | Ginsenoside Rf, notoginsenoside R3 isomer, ginsenoside Ro and chikusetsusaponin Iva | Enhancing learning and memory, strong heart, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, enhanced immune function | [60] |
| Panax ginseng | PCA and PLS-DA | RRLC-QTOF/MS | 2 | Ginsenosides | [61] | ||
| Astragalus membranaceus and Paeonia albiflora | LDA, KNN, SVM, PLS-DA | 1H NMR and ICP-AES/ICP-MS | 7 | Calycosin, formononetin, linoleic acid, etc | Regulation of immunity, suppression of inflammatory response, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, anti-infection | [62] | |
| Taraxacum mongolicum | PCA, OPLS-DA, | HPLC-Q-TOF–MS | 54 |
Guanosine 50 -monophosphate, phosphoric acid, gallic acid, catechol, citraconic acid, cis-aconitate,, etc |
diuresis, anti-inflammatory, and promote digestion | [63] | |
| Herbal planting | |||||||
| Cultivated CMM quality evaluation | Ggarwood | PCA, OPLS-DA | UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS | 1 | 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones | Antioxidant and bacteriostatic, analgesic and sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer | [64] |
| Panax quinquefolius | PCA | NMR | 6 | Sucrose, glucose, arginine, choline, and 2-oxoglutarate and malate | Enhancing learning and memory, strong heart, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, enhanced immune function,etc | [65] | |
| Panax ginseng | PCA, PLS | UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS | 40 | Ginsenosides | [66] | ||
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | PCA, OPLS-DA | UPLC-Q-TOF/MS | 17 | Alkaloids | Anti-tumor, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-neuroinflammation, inhibiting myocardial hypertrophy | [67] | |
| Heavy metals and agricultural residues detection | Sedum Alfredii | PCA, OPLS-DA | GC–MS | 12 | / | / | [68] |
| Lonicerae Japonicae Flos | PCA.OPLS-DA | UPLC/Q-Orbitrap-Full MS scan | 29 | Chlorogenic acids, iridoids and organic acid-glucosides | Anti-virus, anti-lipids, anti-tumor factors, anti-bacterial, anti-allinflammatory | [69] | |
| Herbal harvesting | |||||||
| Growth age Identification | Panax ginseng | PCA | UPLC-QTOF/MS | 30 | / | Prevent aging, eliminate fatigue, improve memory, anti—aging, anti—tumor | [70] |
| Panax ginseng | / | HPLC-MRM/MSA | 301 | ginsenosides | Enhancing learning and memory, strong heart, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, enhanced immune function, etc | [32] | |
| Polygala tenuifolia Willd | PCA | UPLC-QTOF-MS | 26 | Tenufolia, fructose, sucrose, choline, glycine, raffinose, onjisaponin Fg, polygalasaponin XXVIII, etc | Enhance Intelligence, sedative-hypnotic, expelling phlegm and arresting coughing, anti—inflammatory, neuro protection, etc | [71] | |
| Harvest season identification | Panax ginseng | OPLS-DA | 1H- NMR | 24 | Ginsenosides, arginine, sterols, fatty acids, and uracil diphosphate glucose–sugars | Enhancing learning and memory, strong hear, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, enhanced immune function, etc | [72] |
| Piper Sarmentosum | PCA | FTIR | / | / | Anti-amoebic, antibacterial, anti-neoplastic, neuromuscular blocking, hypoglycemic, antioxidant,etc | [73] | |
| Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride (PCRV) | PCA | HPLC, HELP | 16 | Naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, tangeretin | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulating metabolism, neuroprotection, anti-tumor | [74] | |
| Different parts identification | Cistanche deserticola | PLS | UPLC-PDA-Q/TOF–MS | 6 | Echinacoside, cistanoside A and 2 ' -acetylacteoside | Neuroprotection, immunomodulation, anti-aging, anti-osteoporosis, protecting liver and protecting liver | [75] |
| Ginseng | PCA, OPLS-DA | UHPLC-QTOF/MS | 81 | Rutinum, 20(R)-Notoginsenoside R2, Ginsenoside F3, etc | Enhancing learning and memory, strong heart, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, enhanced immune function, etc | [76] | |
| Gentiana crasicaulis | PCA, OPLS-DA | UPLC-ESI-HRMSn | 36 | Hydroxycinnamic acid amides, trans-N-caffeoyl phenethylamine | Anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, acesodyne | [77] | |
| Mulberry | PCA, SIMCA | 1HNMR | 24 | / | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, liver protection | [78] | |
| Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels | PCA, OPLS-DA | UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS | 364 | β-Alanine, 4-Pyridoxic acid, Phosphorylcholine, N-Acetylglutamic acid, N-Methyltyrosine, etc | Promote digestion, anti-influenza, relieve pain | [79] | |
| Herbal processing | |||||||
| Metabolite change detection | Astragali Radix | OPLS-DA, PCA | UPLC-QTOF-MS | 15 | Calycosin-7-O-β-Dglucopyranoside, Calycosin, formononetin, (6αR, 11αR)- 10- Hydroxy-3, etc | Anti-tumor, protection of cardio-cerebrovascular, improvement of immune function, etc | [80] |
| Radix Polygala | / | UPLC-QTOF-MS\NMR | 29 | 3,6′-disinapoylsucrose ester, amino acids,organic acid, and carbohydrates, total saponins | Enhance Intelligence, sedative-hypnotic, expelling phlegm and arresting coughing, anti—inflammatory, neuro protection, etc | [81] | |
| Panax notoginseng | / | 1H-NMR/ UPLC | 29 | Ginsenoside Rf, 20(S)‐pseudoginsenoside F11, malonyl gisenoside Rb1, etc | Anti-cancer, lipid-lowering, neuroprotection, endothelial cell protection, bone repair, anti-fibrosis | [82] | |
| Rheum palmatum | PCA, OPLS-DA | UPLC/Q-TOF–MS | 2 | Emodin-8-O-glucoside and gallic acid-3-O-glucoside | Improve the digestive system, regulate the blood system, promote metabolism, affect the nervous system, etc | [83] | |
| Aconitum carmichaelii Debx | PLS-DA, PCA | RPLC-Q-TOF/MS | 22 | Dehydrated Benzoylmesaconine, Dehydrated Benzoylaconine, 10-OH-Benzoylaconine, etc | Anti-inflammatory, relieve pain, anti-tumor, cardiovascular protection | [84] | |
| Euphorbia pekinensis Root | PCA | UPLC-MS | 7 | 3,3'-di-O-methylellagic acid-4'-O-β-D-xylopyranoside,3,3'-di-O-methyl ellagic acid, etc | Reversal of P-glycopprotein-mediated multidrug resistance, cytotoxicity, lipase inhibitory activity, etc | [85] | |
| Processing methods evaluation | Panax notoginseng | PLS-DA, PCA | UHPLC/TOF MS | 40 | Ginsenoside Ra3/isomer, gypenoside XVII, quinquenoside R1, ginsenoside Ra7, notoginsenoside Fe, etc | Anti-cancer, lipid-lowering, neuroprotection, endothelial cell protection, etc | [86] |
| Ginseng | ANOVA | HPLC | 10 | Ginsenosides | Enhancing learning and memory, strong heart, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, etc | [87] | |
| Notopterygium franchetii | PCA, HCA | UHPLC-QTOF-MS–MS | 30 | Nodakenin, psoralen, bergapten, notopterol, imperatorin, and isoimperatorin | Anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-arrhythmic, anti-bacterial, etc | [88] | |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | / | NMR and LC-DAD-MS | 81 | sugars, carboxylic acids and amino acids, polyphenolic acids and diterpenoids, etc | Anti-tumor, anti-neuroinflammation, inhibiting myocardial hypertrophy | [89] | |
| Astragalus root | PCA | H-1 NMR /UPLC-MS | 19 | acetate, alanine, arginine, caprate, fumarate, glutamate, valine, and some xylem-related compounds | Anti-tumor, protection of cardio-cerebrovascular, improvement of immune function, etc | [90] | |
| Herbal marketing | |||||||
| Hydrastis canadensis(goldenseal) canadensis | PCA | MS | 12 | Berberine, hydrastine, canadine, palmatine, coptisine, dihydrocoptisine | Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, neuroprotective, etc | [91] | |
| Panax ginseng | OPLS-DA | 1H NMR | 15 | / | Enhancing learning and memory, enhanced immune function, strong heart, antishock, etc | [92] | |
| Panax ginseng | OPLS-DA, PCA | UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS | 43 | ginsenoside Rg3, a nitrogen-containing component, ginsenoside 20(R)-Rh, etc | Enhancing learning and memory, strong heart, antishock, anti-myocardial ischemia, etc | [93] | |
| Trichosanthis Radix | OPLS-DA, PCA | UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, UPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS | 25 | 5 sulfur-containing components, 20 non-sulfur marker metabolites | Anti virus, anti—tumor, odinopoeia | [94] | |
| Rhodiola | PCA | NMR, HPTLC | / | salidroside | Lowering blood lipids and blood sugar, improve physical, mental, memory, attention and immunity, anti-aging, etc | [95] | |
| Rhodiola | OPLS-DA | HPLC–UV, NMR | 5 | Coumarin, Crenulatin, rosavins | [96] | ||
| Angelica acutiloba | PCA | GC-TOF–MS | 22 | Sugars, fructose and glucose, phosphoric acid, proline, malic acid and citric acid | Improving anemia, protecting liver, immunomodulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory | [97] | |