Cytotoxicity of AgNPs against (A) HaCaT,
(B) CT26, and (C) 4T1
cells; in vitro ROS generation determined by APF
fluorescence signals (D), determination of the mechanism of AgNPs-induced
cell death determined by flow cytometry analysis of cells stained
with Annexin V-FITC for apoptosis detection and PI for necrosis, respectively
(E), and AgNPs efficacy against the 3D tumor spheroid model. Spheroids
were treated with AgNPs and stained with Hoechst33342 (nuclei, blue
fluorescence), Calcein AM (live cells, green fluorescence), and PI
(dead cells, red fluorescence); scale bar—100 μm (F).
Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (*** P-value
< 0.001, ** P-value < 0.01, and * P-value < 0.5).