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. 2022 Mar 25;13:820806. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.820806

FIGURE 6.

FIGURE 6

Curcumin’s mechanism of action in reducing inflammation, anabolism, and apoptosis. By inhibiting the pro-inflammatory transcription factor (NF-κB), and activation of PPAR-γ, curcumin aids in anabolism and apoptosis, suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the expression and release of TNF-α. Abbreviations: TLR, Toll-like receptors; TNFR, Tumor necrosis factor receptor; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; TRADD, Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain protein; CYLD, CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase; cIAP1/2, Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1/2; TRAF 2/5, Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2/5; RIPK1, Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1; LUBAC, Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex; SPATA2, Spermatogenesis-associated protein 2; NEMO, NF-κB essential modulator; TAB2/3, TGF-beta activated kinase 1 (MAP3K7) binding protein 2; TAK1, Transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1; IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ, Inhibitory kappa b kinase alpha, beta, and gamma; IkB, Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa Bv; PPAR-γ, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; P13K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinases; Akt, Ak strain transforming; ERK, Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; Bax, Bcl-2-associated X-protein; AP-1, Activated protein-1; MMP-9, Matrix metallopeptidase 9; COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2; IL-6 and 1β, Interleukin 6 and 1 beta; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP-1, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.