TABLE 2.

Curcumin of C. longa with immunomodulating activity and their mechanisms of action.

Main constituent	Subjects	Study design	Immunomodulatory activities	Modulation in parameters/mediators affected	References
Curcumin	Healthy albino mice	In vivo	White blood cell production and weight lymphoid organs	Stimulates lymphoid organs and white blood cells	Afolayan et al. (2018)
	Dendritic cells	In vitro	Surface molecule expression	Suppresses expression of CD80, CD86, MHC class II, and IL-1	Kim et al. (2005)
	Dendritic cells	In vitro	Cytokine production	Decreases production of IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α	Kim et al. (2005)
	Dendritic cells	In vitro	Phosphorylation of mitogen-induced protein kinases (MAPKs) and NF-κB p65 translocation	Inhibition of LPS-induced MAPK activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65	Kim et al. (2005)
	Bronchoalveolar of Balb/c mice	In vivo	Allergic response	Decreases number of eosinophils	Ravikumar and Kavitha (2020)
	Bronchoalveolar of Balb/c mice	In vivo	Cytokine production	Decreases level of IL-4	Ravikumar and Kavitha (2020)
	PBMCs	In vitro	T-cell proliferation	Inhibit the proliferation of lymphocyte	Yadav et al. (2005)
	PBMCs	In vitro	Cytokine production	Inhibits the production of IL-2 and TNF-α	Yadav et al. (2005)
	PBMCs	In vitro	NF-κB	Inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB	Yadav et al. (2005)
	Erythroleukemic cell line K562	In vitro	Cytotoxicity	Increases NK cell cytotoxicity	Yadav et al. (2005)
	Lupus BALB/c mice	In vivo	Adaptive immune response	Decreases the percentage of Th1, Th2, and Th17	Kalim et al. (2017)
	Lupus BALB/c mice	In vivo	Antinuclear antibody (ANA) levels	Decreases level of ANA	Kalim et al. (2017)
	Monocytes and liver macrophages	In vivo	ROS production	Increased the production of ROS	Inzaugarat et al. (2017)
	Monocytes and CD4+ cells	In vivo	TNF-α and IFN-γ production	Enhanced the production of TNF-α in monocytes and IFN-γ in CD4+ cells	Inzaugarat et al. (2017)
	Fish	In vivo	Immune response	Increased the expression of antimicrobial peptides	Alambra et al. (2012)