TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of the cohort (N = 2,577).
| Characteristics | Visceral adiposity index |
P-value | |||
| Total (n = 2,577) |
T1 (n = 859) |
T2 (n = 859) |
T3 (n = 859) |
||
| Age, year | 47.58 ± 18.17 | 43.85 ± 18.91 | 48.72 ± 18.01 | 50.18 ± 16.94 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.80 ± 7.19 | 26.03 ± 6.26 | 28.90 ± 7.14 | 31.46 ± 7.09 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.31 ± 16.90 | 90.24 ± 15.09 | 98.72 ± 16.22 | 105.96 ± 15.59 | <0.001 |
| Gender | 0.296 | ||||
| Male | 1,241 (48.16%) | 431 (50.17%) | 399 (46.45%) | 411 (47.85%) | |
| Female | 1,336 (51.84%) | 428 (49.83%) | 460 (53.55%) | 448 (52.15%) | |
| Race | <0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 348 (13.50%) | 80 (9.31%) | 124 (14.44%) | 144 (16.76%) | |
| Other Hispanic | 232 (9.00%) | 66 (7.68%) | 81 (9.43%) | 85 (9.90%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 1,129 (43.81%) | 343 (39.93%) | 366 (42.61%) | 420 (48.89%) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 498 (19.32%) | 238 (27.71%) | 162 (18.86%) | 98 (11.41%) | |
| Other race | 370 (14.36%) | 132 (15.37%) | 126 (14.67%) | 112 (13.04%) | |
| Education level (n,%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than 9th grade | 182 (7.48%) | 43 (5.56%) | 59 (7.17%) | 80 (9.56%) | |
| 9–11th grade | 357 (14.67%) | 96 (12.40%) | 117 (14.22%) | 144 (17.20%) | |
| High school graduate or equivalent | 519 (21.32%) | 154 (19.90%) | 188 (22.84%) | 177 (21.15%) | |
| Some college or AA degree | 738 (30.32%) | 229 (29.59%) | 247 (30.01%) | 262 (31.30%) | |
| College graduate or above | 635 (26.09%) | 250 (32.30%) | 212 (25.76%) | 173 (20.67%) | |
| Marital status (n,%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Married | 1,315 (54.03%) | 403 (52.07%) | 460 (55.89%) | 452 (54.00%) | |
| Widowed | 167 (6.86%) | 49 (6.33%) | 53 (6.44%) | 65 (7.77%) | |
| Divorced | 260 (10.68%) | 60 (7.75%) | 95 (11.54%) | 105 (12.54%) | |
| Separated | 71 (2.92%) | 20 (2.58%) | 24 (2.92%) | 27 (3.23%) | |
| Never married | 438 (18.00%) | 181 (23.39%) | 139 (16.89%) | 118 (14.10%) | |
| Living with partners | 183 (7.52%) | 61 (7.88%) | 52 (6.32%) | 70 (8.36%) | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | ||||
| Never smoker | 1,490 (57.82%) | 555 (64.61%) | 487 (56.69%) | 448 (52.15%) | |
| Current smoker | 510 (19.79%) | 131 (15.25%) | 174 (20.26%) | 205 (23.86%) | |
| Former smoker | 577 (22.39%) | 173 (20.14%) | 198 (23.05%) | 206 (23.98%) | |
| Drinking | 0.251 | ||||
| No | 575 (22.31%) | 193 (22.47%) | 200 (23.28%) | 182 (21.19%) | |
| Yes | 1,696 (65.81%) | 570 (66.36%) | 568 (66.12%) | 558 (64.96%) | |
| Self-reported chronic diseases | |||||
| Heart failure | 75 (3.08%) | 17 (2.20%) | 22 (2.67%) | 36 (4.30%) | 0.036 |
| Coronary heart disease | 95 (3.90%) | 18 (2.33%) | 30 (3.65%) | 47 (5.62%) | 0.016 |
| Angina/angina pectoris | 55 (2.26%) | 11 (1.42%) | 21 (2.55%) | 23 (2.75%) | 0.129 |
| Heart attack | 92 (3.78%) | 23 (2.97%) | 29 (3.52%) | 40 (4.78%) | 0.310 |
| Stroke | 82 (3.37%) | 24 (3.10%) | 27 (3.28%) | 31 (3.70%) | 0.623 |
| Chronic bronchitis | 135 (5.55%) | 30 (3.88%) | 39 (4.74%) | 66 (7.89%) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension | 849 (92.58%) | 202 (89.38%) | 276 (93.56%) | 371 (93.69%) | 0.106 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 873 (33.88%) | 184 (21.42%) | 305 (35.51%) | 384 (44.70%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | ||||
| No | 2,221 (86.19%) | 800 (93.13%) | 749 (87.19%) | 672 (78.23%) | |
| Yes | 277 (10.75%) | 39 (4.54%) | 88 (10.24%) | 150 (17.46%) | |
| Borderline | 79 (3.07%) | 20 (2.33%) | 22 (2.56%) | 37 (4.31%) | |
| Family PIR | 2.05 (1.02–4.05) | 2.21 (1.03–4.35) | 2.20 (1.06–4.19) | 1.79 (0.97–3.55) | <0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.39 ± 0.41 | 1.70 ± 0.44 | 1.37 ± 0.29 | 1.10 ± 0.25 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.05 (0.72,1.59) | 0.63 (0.50–0.74) | 1.05 (0.90–1.22) | 1.93 (1.53–2.57) | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.85 ± 0.91 | 2.58 ± 0.78 | 2.93 ± 0.87 | 3.04 ± 1.01 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.84 ± 1.07 | 4.56 ± 0.95 | 4.79 ± 0.99 | 5.15 ± 1.18 | <0.001 |
| Glycohemoglobin (%) | 5.70 ± 1.03 | 5.44 ± 0.63 | 5.67 ± 0.94 | 5.99 ± 1.31 | <0.001 |
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Energy, kcal | 1,964 (1,439, 2,575) | 2,036 (1,479, 2,652) | 1,953 (1,434.5, 2,535) | 1,907 (1,398.5, 2,566) | 0.013 |
| Protein, gm | 75.75 (53.46, 103.85) | 80.78 (56.95, 108.43) | 73.40 (52.39, 98.79) | 74.47 (51.62, 105.22) | 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, gm | 230.81 (163.84, 312.13) | 234.10 (163.87, 315.90) | 228.49 (165.12, 309.04) | 229.90 (161.97, 315.49) | 0.382 |
| Total fat, gm | 74.24 (49.72, 104.05) | 74.95 (53.93, 106.54) | 76.52 (48.87, 101.70) | 71.82 (47.17, 103.32) | 0.037 |
| Cholesterol, gm | 237 (136–409) | 245 (145, 403) | 222 (131, 399.5) | 238 (131, 423.5) | 0.299 |
| Visceral adiposity index | 1.27 (0.76, 2.19) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.76) | 1.27 (1.09, 1.49) | 2.79 (2.19, 4.08) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | <0.001 | ||||
| <10 | 1371 (84.63%) | 454 (88.85%) | 472 (87.73%) | 445 (77.93%) | |
| > = 10 | 249 (15.37%) | 57 (11.15%) | 66 (12.27%) | 126 (22.07%) | |