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. 2022 Mar 15;14(3):1952–1968.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The main regulatory mechanisms of autophagy and pyroptosis in MIRI. The chain of molecular reactions associated with autophagy and apoptosis in MIRI is presented in (A). The inflammasome-associated inflammatory caspases activation of pyroptosis is illustrated in (B). AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of Rapamycin; ULK1: unc-51-like kinase 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; PINK1: PTEN-induced kinase 1; Parkin: Parkinson juvenile disease protein 2; LC3: microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; TLR: toll-like receptor; MyD88: myeloid differentiation factor 88; IκBα: recombinant inhibitory subunit of NF-κB alpha; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; ASC: apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; GSDMD: pro-pyroptotic factor gasdermin D; GSDMD-NT: GSDMD N-terminal.