Table 1.

Beneficial effects of different postbiotics supplementation on animal production

Animal	Postbiotics	Dosage	Beneficial effects	Reference
Weaned piglets	HK of L. rhamnosus	0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.4% in diet with 1 × 109 CFU/g	Increased growth rate, feed efficiency, and apparent total tract digestibility; decreased TNF-α, TGF-β1, and cortisol in serum	[132, 133]
Weaned piglets	CFS of L. plantarum TL1, RS5, RF14, RG11, and RI11	0.3% in diet	Increased feed conversion ratio, lactic acid bacteria count, and SCFA in the gut; decreased fecal pH value, ENT count, and diarrhea incidence	[134]
Weaned piglets	CFS of L. plantarum TL1, RS5, RG14	0.5% in diet	Improved average daily gain, feed intake, and protein digestibility; reduce diarrhea incidence, pH value and ENT in the gut	[135]
Weaned piglets	HK of Enterococcus faecalis EC-12	0.05% in diet	Improved villous atrophy and increased villous heights in small intestine	[136]
Weaned piglets	HK of Enterococcus faecium NHRD IHARA	0.1% in diet with 2 × 1010 CFU/kg HK	Improved growth performance, serum IgA and gut morphology; showed same efficacy as live strain	[137, 138]
Weaned piglets	HK of L. plantarum L-137	20 mg/kg in diet	Increased IFN-β mRNA levels in serum against influenza A virus infection	[139]
Newborn piglets	HK of L. spp. and L. plantarum	8.6 × 107 CFU/mL	Increased feed intake and weight gain	[140]
Newborn piglets	L. plantarum 22F, 25F, Pediococcus acidilactici 72 N	1 × 109 CFU/mL	Increased daily gain and feed conversion ratio; increased viable Lactobacilli and decreased enterobacterial counts; improve gut morphology	[141]
Broiler chicks at 1-day old	HK of Enterococcus faecalis EC-12	0.05% in diet	Increased total IgA in cecal digesta and IgG levels in the serum; reduced VRE colonization in the intestine	[142]
Broiler chicks at 1-day old, layers at 23-week old	CFS of L. plantarum TL1, RS5, RF14, RG11, RG14, and RI11	0.3% in diet	Increased in hen-day egg production, reduced fecal pathogens population; increased final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, gut morphology, and SCFA levels in gut	[143, 144]
Broiler chicks at 1-day old, 22-day old, or 88-day old	CFS of L. plantarum RI11	0.3% in diet	Increased body weight, feed conversion ratio; improved villi height in small intestine, increased IgM and IgG levels in serum, increased hepatic IGF-1 mRNA expression level	[145–148]
Broiler chicks at 14-day old	PC of Pediococcus acidilactici, L. reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, L. acidophilus	1 oz/gallon in water	Reduces the proinflammatory response, alternative to antibiotics in the context of Clostridium perfringens pathogen challenge	[149]
Broiler chicks at 1-day old	HK of Bacillus subtilis, L. acidophilus BFI	2 × 108 CFU/mL	Enhanced feed efficiency, decreased plasma cholesterol and creatinine contents, altered cecal microbiota composition	[150]
Layer hens at 24-week old	HK of L. salivarius, Bacillus subtilis	400 g/t in diet	Improved daily egg yield, feed conversion, damaged egg ratio, and Haugh unit; Decreased in total cholesterol, and lipoprotein cholesterol; increased antibody against avian influenza virus	[151]
Postweaning lambs at 112-day old	CFS of L. plantarum RG14	0.9% in diet	Increased weight gain, feed intake, nutrient intake, and nutrient digestibility; increased fiber degrading bacteria and decreased total protozoa and methanogens in rumen; lowered leukocyte, lymphocyte, basophil, neutrophil and platelets; improved ruminal epithelium growth and integrity of intestinal barrier; increased IL-6 mRNA and decreased IL-1β, IL-10, TNF mRNA in jejunum	[152–154]

HK heat-killed, CFS cell-free supernatant, PC pure culture, VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococci, SCFA short chain fatty acid, ENT Enterobacteriaceae