Table 4.
Major and minor complications
| Implant/surgical technique | N = 790 | Major complications | Minor complications | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-union | Implant failure | Peri implant fracture | Deep infection | Coracoid or acromial fracture | Malunion – Delayed union | Hardware irritation, migration breakage, loosening | Subacromial osteolysis | Clavicular erosion | Button subsidence Peri-anchor or screw osteolysis | Slight Loss of reduction | AC joint arthrosis |
Pain /discomfort Frozen shoulder /stiffness |
Superficial infection |
Scar problems, skin irritation wound breakdown |
||
| Hook plate [39, 48, 57, 58, 60] | 132 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 26 | 19 | 6 | ||||||||
| Locking plate | 252 | |||||||||||||||
| (−) CC augmentation [46, 58, 59] | 45 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| (+) CCA-screw [40, 53] | 19 | 1 | 6 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| (+) CCA-anchor(s), sutures, cables [7, 33, 52, 59–61] | 111 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 8 | ||||||||
| (+) CCA-button [18, 36, 38, 40, 62] | 77 | 2 | 1 | 3 | ||||||||||||
| CC stabilization | 365 | |||||||||||||||
| Arthroscopic (91) | ||||||||||||||||
| (+) ACJ transfixation [47, 49, 55] | 49 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| (−) ACJ transfixation [37, 41, 54] | 42 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||
| Open (274) | ||||||||||||||||
| (+) ACJ transfixation [7, 31, 32, 40, 42, 44, 56] | 108 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 2 | 1 | |||||||
| (−) ACJ transfixation [34, 35, 39, 43, 45, 50] | 166 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
| AC joint trans-fixation [51] | 41 | 12 | 7 | |||||||||||||