Table 1.
Results of multiple comparison test for the compounds highlighted in metabolomic characterization.
| Signal intensity ± standard deviation* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | W/O starter culture | Latilactobacillus curvatus ♯4G2 | Levilactobacillus brevis K4G1 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K4G4 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum K5G3 |
| NMR peaks | |||||
| Glc | 0.190 ± 0.019 a | 0.130 ± 0.009 b | 0.027 ± 0.016 c | 0.101 ± 0.018 b | 0.100 ± 0.032 b |
| Fru | 0.248 ± 0.069 a | 0.262 ± 0.016 b | 0.062 ± 0.001 c | 0.063 ± 0.003 c | 0.117 ± 0.060 c |
| LA | 2.131 ± 0.406 a | 3.596 ± 0.223 ab | 2.928 ± 0.272 a | 5.706 ± 0.606 c | 5.126 ± 1.311 bc |
| AA | 0.335 ± 0.127 a | 0.113 ± 0.013 bc | 0.617 ± 0.050 d | 0.221 ± 0.007 ac | 0.225 ± 0.036 ac |
| CA | 0.016 ± 0.001 a | 0.051 ± 0.002 b | 0.046 ± 0.003 b | 0.018 ± 0.002 a | 0.024 ± 0.007 a |
| SA | 0.085 ± 0.008 a | 0.083 ± 0.010 a | 0.086 ± 0.005 a | 0.133 ± 0.002 b | 0.121 ± 0.015 b |
| Ethanol | 0.712 ± 0.059 a | 0.689 ± 0.107 a | 2.016 ± 0.230 b | 0.728 ± 0.038 a | 0.699 ± 0.015 a |
| Mannitol | 0.216 ± 0.105 a | 0.129 ± 0.004 ab | 0.468 ± 0.037 c | 0.073 ± 0.002 bd | 0.087 ± 0.015 ad |
| Orn | nd | nd | 0.013 ± 0.002 | nd | nd |
| DHA | 0.006 ± 0.002 a | nd | nd | 0.016 ± 0.003 b | 0.013 ± 0.004 b |
| Ala | 0.286 ± 0.034 ab | 0.326 ± 0.018 a | 0.297 ± 0.009 ab | 0.261 ± 0.016 b | 0.281 ± 0.014 ab |
| Val | 0.062 ± 0.011 | 0.070 ± 0.002 | 0.070 ± 0.006 | 0.065 ± 0.004 | 0.071 ± 0.006 |
| Ile | 0.049 ± 0.009 | 0.056 ± 0.003 | 0.053 ± 0.004 | 0.062 ± 0.005 | 0.062 ± 0.004 |
| Leu | 0.190 ± 0.043 | 0.233 ± 0.010 | 0.233 ± 0.028 | 0.229 ± 0.016 | 0.242 ± 0.023 |
| Choline | 0.157 ± 0.004 a | 0.144 ± 0.006 bc | 0.153 ± 0.006 ab | 0.140 ± 0.005 c | 0.138 ± 0.002 c |
| GC/MS peaks** | |||||
| Bu-ITC | 35659 ± 34193 a | 175589 ± 7433 b | 67603 ± 12035 ac | 124327 ± 21067 bd | 93700 ± 5806 cd |
| Pe-ITC | 2984 ± 4070 a | 33411 ± 1103 b | 11211 ± 3442 ac | 19263 ± 6457 c | 10121 ± 1550 ac |
| Ph-ITC | 2438 ± 927 ab | 3182 ± 409 a | 1140 ± 185 b | 2538 ± 1136 ab | 2103 ± 618 ab |
| Bu-CN | 13742 ± 1819 a | 19531 ± 3678 b | 14464 ± 686 ab | 16284 ± 1124 ab | 15684 ± 912 ab |
| Pe-CN | 4399 ± 1420 | 6963 ± 1668 | 4966 ± 622 | 5432 ± 290 | 4791 ± 288 |
| Ph-CN | 1509 ± 290 a | 2825 ± 685 b | 1859 ± 130 ab | 2289 ± 350 ab | 1960 ± 49 ab |
| Epithiobutyl-CN | 2474 ± 241 a | 5964 ± 394 b | 4176 ± 177 a | 5374 ± 1058 b | 4311 ± 1530 a |
| Acetoin | 376 ± 651 a | 471 ± 240 a | nd | 4902 ± 919 b | 3832 ± 272 b |
| 2,3-Butanedione | 756 ± 843 | nd | nd | 1852 ± 1439 | 1691 ± 1104 |
| Ethyl acetate | 1838 ± 262 a | 723 ± 216 b | 1820 ± 370 a | 804 ± 263 bc | 912 ± 168 bc |
| Hexanoic acid | 195 ± 47 a | 1039 ± 197 b | 79 ± 6 a | 363 ± 304 a | 212 ± 97 a |
| S-Methyl thioacetate | nd | nd | 606 ± 314 a | 20 ± 18 b | nd |
| DMTS | 796 ± 431 a | 765 ± 100 a | 194 ± 80 b | 696 ± 93 a | 807 ± 159 a |
*The average intensities of the three samples from each strain. The superscript letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) by Tukey's multiple comparison test.
**The intensity values of GC/MS peaks are displayed in units of 1000. nd = not detected.