Table 2.
Monotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in preclinical models (animal study)
| Tumor | Target ICs | Main results | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glioma | CTLA-4 |
Induction of long-term survival in 80% of treated mice Reduction of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ GITR+ Treg cell density |
[69] |
| Mesothelioma | CTLA-4 |
Inhibition of tumor development at the early stage of tumor development Improving frequency of CD4 and CD8 T cells infiltrating the tumor |
[73] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) | CTLA-4 |
Simulating longer survival in treated mice than control mice Amelioration of expression of CD4+ lymphocytes in residual tumors and IFN-γ generation |
[74] |
| NA | CTLA-4 | Inhibition of CD4+ CD25+ Treg function | [17] |
| Melanoma | CTLA-4 |
Augmentation of intratumoral T effector cell density in TME Reducing intratumoral Treg density in TME |
[258] |
| Colon adenocarcinoma | CTLA-4 |
Enhancement of intratumoral T effector cell density in TME Plummeting intratumoral Treg density in TME |
[70] |
| Colon adenocarcinoma | CTLA-4 | Inspiring anti-tumor response by immune cell | [259] |
| Prostate cancer | CTLA-4 | Modification of Treg activities is required for the anti-tumor impacts of the CTLA-4 blockade | [260] |
| Sarcomas | CTLA-4 | Anti-tumor immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade depends on the gut microbiota | [261] |
| Melanoma | CTLA-4 | Loss of IFN-γ axes in tumor cells is contributed to the cell resistance to anti-CTLA-4 therapy | [262] |
| Melanoma | CTLA-4 | Suppression of melanoma stem cells tumourigenesis | [72] |
| Melanoma | PD-1/PD-L1 | Tumors tempering the mitochondrial function in T cells show resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy | [263] |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) | PD-1/PD-L1 |
Provoking the IFNγ, STAT1 activation and the making of the T-cell effector granzyme B in infiltrating cells Triggering apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the oral lesions |
[82] |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) | PD-1/PD-L1 | Mobilization of CD8+ T Cells by CXCR4 inhibition enables PD-1 checkpoint therapy | [86] |
| Myeloma | PD-1/PD-L1 | Inhibition of tumor cell growth transiently | [84] |
| Melanoma | PD-1/PD-L1 | Inhibition of tumor cell growth | [264] |
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), interferon-gamma (IFNγ), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT1), Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), regulatory T cells (Tregs), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)