Table 4.
The results of most important clinical trials based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy alone or in combination with other modalities in cancer patients
| Condition | Agents | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Untreated melanoma | Ipilimumab + nivolumab | Nivolumab alone or combined with ipilimumab caused significantly longer PFS than ipilimumab alone | [125] |
| Advanced melanoma | Nivolumab + ipilimumab | This combination had a controllable safety profile and provided clinical activity | [265] |
| Advanced UC | Nivolumab + ipilimumab | This combination provided an effective treatment strategy | [266] |
| NSCLC | Nivolumab + ipilimumab + chemotherapy | This combination provided a significantly longer OS against chemotherapy alone | [213] |
| Resectable NSCLC | Atezolizumab + carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel | This combination achieving a major pathological response, and controllable treatment-related toxic effects | [267] |
| Urothelial cancer | Pembrolizumab | Pembrolizumab has become a new treatment choice | [130] |
| Colorectal cancer | Nivolumab | Nivolumab provided strong responses | [124] |
| NSCLC, melanoma, renal-cell cancer | Nivolumab | Nivolumab is caused in objective responses | [123] |
| Recurrent glioblastoma | Pembrolizumab | Pembrolizumab enhances both the local and systemic antitumor immune response | [129] |
| Incurable human papillomavirus 16-related cancer | Nivolumab + ISA101 | This combination provided a clinical activity compared with nivolumab alone | [239] |
| Locally advanced and metastatic UC | Atezolizumab | Atezolizumab showed durable clinical activity and good tolerability | [268] |
| Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma | Atezolizumab + bevacizumab | This combination made a longer PFS than with atezolizumab alone | [269] |
| NSCLC | Ipilimumab + radiation | This combination provided evidence that can be considered a treatment strategy | [270] |
| TNBC | Nivolumab + doxorubicin + cisplatin | They indicated that cisplatin and doxorubicin may increase the likelihood of response to nivolumab in TNBC | [271] |
| Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer | Durvalumab + platinum-etoposide | This combination showed sustained OS improvement versus platinum-etoposide alone | [272] |
| NSCLC | Durvalumab + tremelimumab | This combination showed a controllable tolerability profile, with antitumor activity | [273] |
| Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma | Nivolumab | Nivolumab significantly improved OS | [119] |
| Resectable glioblastoma | Nivolumab | Nivolumab significantly improved OS | [120] |
| Advanced nonsquamous NSCLC | Nivolumab | Nivolumab significantly improved OS in patients that had progressed during or after chemotherapy | [121] |
| Advanced melanoma | Nivolumab and ipilimumab | Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone significantly improved OS than ipilimumab alone | [274] |
| Recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck | Nivolumab | Nivolumab resulted in longer OS than treatment with standard, single-agent therapy | [122] |
| Advanced melanoma | Pembrolizumab against ipilimumab | The pembrolizumab prolonged PFS and OS and had less high-grade toxicity than did ipilimumab | [131] |
| Metastatic melanoma | Ipilimumab + glycoprotein 100 (Gp100) | This combination, as compared with gp100 alone, improved OS in patients | [275] |
| Squamous NSCLC | Pembrolizumab + chemotherapy | This combination resulted in significantly longer OS and PFS than chemotherapy alone | [276] |
| Metastatic NSCLC | Pembrolizumab + chemotherapy | This combination resulted in significantly longer OS and PFS than chemotherapy alone | [277] |
| Early TNBC | Pembrolizumab + chemotherapy | This combination resulted in a significantly higher pathological complete response than chemotherapy alone | [128] |
| Advanced UC | Pembrolizumab | This combination resulted in significantly longer OS than chemotherapy alone | [127] |
| Untreated metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC | Pembrolizumab + pemetrexed-platinum | This combination demonstrated substantially improved OS and PFS | [278] |
| MSI-H/dMMR noncolorectal cancer | Pembrolizumab | Pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated clinical benefits for the patients | [126] |
| Advanced CSCC | Cemiplimab | Cemiplimab induced a response in approximately half of the patients | [140] |
| Advanced CSCC | Cemiplimab | Cemiplimab showed antitumor activity and an acceptable safety profile | [139] |
| Metastatic CSCC | Cemiplimab | Cemiplimab produced substantial antitumor activity with a durable response and an acceptable safety profile | [138] |
| Advanced malignancies | Cemiplimab + radiotherapy and/or low-dose cyclophosphamide | Cemiplimab exhibited encouraging antitumor activity | [279] |
| Unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma | Atezolizumab + bevacizumab | Atezolizumab combined with bevacizumab resulted in better OS and PFS outcomes | [280] |
| NSCLC | Atezolizumab | Atezolizumab treatment resulted in significantly longer OS than platinum-based chemotherapy | [148] |
| NSCLC | Atezolizumab + bevacizumab + chemotherapy | This combination improved PFS and OS | [58] |
| Advanced TNBC | Atezolizumab + nab-paclitaxel | This combination prolonged PFS | [281] |
| Metastatic non-squamous NSCLC | Atezolizumab + carboplatin + nab-paclitaxel | This combination showed a significant and clinically meaningful improvement in OS and PFS | [282] |
| Early-stage TNBC | Atezolizumab + chemotherapy | This combination significantly resulted in pathological complete response rates with an acceptable safety profile | [283] |
| Metastatic urothelial cancer | Atezolizumab + chemotherapy | This combination prolonged PFS | [284] |
| Melanoma | Atezolizumab + vemurafenib, + cobimetinib | This combination significantly increased PFS and it was tolerable and safe | [285] |
| Advanced or metastatic UC | Avelumab | Avelumab with best supportive care significantly prolonged OS, as compared with best supportive care alone | [64] |
| Metastatic UC | Avelumab | Avelumab showed antitumor activity in the treatment of patients | [156] |
| Advanced or metastatic breast cancer | Avelumab | Avelumab exhibited a clinical activity and acceptable safety profile | [153] |
| Recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer | Avelumab | Avelumab demonstrated antitumor activity and acceptable safety | [155] |
| Relapsed or refractory extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma | Avelumab | Avelumab showed single-agent activity | [154] |
| Advanced GC/GEJC | Avelumab + chemotherapy | Avelumab showed a more controllable safety profile than chemotherapy alone | [286] |
| NSCLC | Durvalumab | Durvalumab prolonged PFS than with placebo | [158] |
| NSCLC | Durvalumab | Durvalumab monotherapy caused significantly longer OS than placebo | [159] |
| NSCLC | Durvalumab | Durvalumab demonstrated durable PFS and sustained OS after chemoradiotherapy | [160] |
| Extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) | Durvalumab + tremelimumab + platinum | Durvalumab plus platinum-etoposide demonstrated sustained OS improvement against platinum-etoposide alone | [287] |
| Recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer | Cemiplimab + radiation therapy | Cemiplimab demonstrated clinical activity | [288] |
| Advanced melanoma, NSCLC, bladder cancer | Nivolumab + NEO-PV-01 | This combination therapy was safe and feasible | [289] |
| Melanoma | Pembrolizumab + oncolytic virotherapy | The addition of oncolytic virotherapy might improve the value of pembrolizumab by changing the tumor microenvironment | [290] |
| Melanoma | Ipilimumab + talimogene laherparepvec | This combination was tolerated safely | [291] |
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), urothelial cancer (UC), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), mismatch repair (MMR); high microsatellite instability (MSI-H), triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), gastric cancer/gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC), cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (CSCC)