Fig. 2.

The effects of S8 on the systemic toxicity of Galleria mellonella larvae, and its anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. (A) Larvae were treated with S8 at 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg or control (vehicle DMSO 0.1%, v/v) and had their survival monitored over 72 h. (B) Effects of the treatments with the vehicle DMSO 0.1%, (v/v) (C), carrageenan (Cg), dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) and S8 at 3 and 10 mg/kg on neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity of mice induced by i.p. administration of carrageenan. (C and D) Effects of the treatments on the release of TNF-α and CXCL2/MIP-2 in mice. The results were expressed as mean ± SD, n = 4–6. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences intragroup, and the symbols *, ** or *** indicate statistical differences (p < 0.01; p < 0.001; and p < 0.0001, respectively) compared to the negative control group (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s posthoc test).