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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropharmacology. 2021 Nov 29;205:108907. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108907

Figure 4. Pioglitazone / morphine inhibits neuropathic pain with greater efficacy in female mice.

Figure 4.

(A) Neither morphine 1 mg/kg alone nor morphine 1 mg/kg combined with pioglitazone 10 mg/kg decreased mechanical hypersensitivity in male mice. (B) Morphine alone or combined with pioglitazone decreased mechanical hypersensitivity in female mice. (C) Analysis of the data with Time collapsed across post-injection timepoints illustrates that the combination of morphine and pioglitazone exerted greater decrease in mechanical hypersensitivity in females as compared to males. (D) Neither morphine 1 mg/kg alone nor morphine 1 mg/kg combined with pioglitazone 10 mg/kg decreased cold hypersensitivity in male mice. (E) Morphine alone or combined with pioglitazone decreased cold hypersensitivity in female mice. (F) Analysis of the data with Time collapsed across post-injection timepoints illustrates that the combination of morphine and pioglitazone exerted greater decrease in cold hypersensitivity in females as compared to males. Two-way ANOVA was performed followed by Sidak’s multiple comparisons test for figures 4A–B and, Tukey`s multiple comparison test for figures 4D–E and Sidak’s multiple comparisons test for figure 3C and 3F. Symbol: + P<0.05 morphine 1 mg/kg alone vs vehicleicle; * P<0.05 morphine 1 mg/kg combined with pio 10mg/kg vs vehicle; ★ P<0.05 male vs female. Values represent mean ± SEM. N=4–8.