Table 2.
Median lethal concentration values (LC50) of QDs and equivalent core material concentrations in aquatic species from published studies.
| Type of Quantum Dot | Organism | Life Stage | Exposure time | Exposure Conditions | QD LC50 (mg/L) | Equivalent core material concentration (mg/L) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CdS-GSH | Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) | Hemocytes | 24 hr | in vitro exposure | - | 9.761 | Katsumiti et al, 2014 |
| CdS-GSH | Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) | Gill cells | 24 hr | in vitro exposure | - | 9.213 | Katsumiti et al, 2014 |
| CdSe | Algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) | - | 96 hr | 25°C; continuous light | 0.0371 | 9.638 | Bouldin et al., 2008 |
| CdSe/ZnS | Daphnia pulex | Juvenile (5–7 days) | 48 hr | 20°C; 16:8hr L:D | 1.13nM | 0.168617 | Tang et al., 2015 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-GA/TOPO | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 48 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; UV-B light | - | 51.1 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-GA/TOPO | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 48 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; full sunlight | - | 11.2 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-GA/TOPO | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 96 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; UV-B light | - | 7.7 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-GA/TOPO | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 96 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; full sunlight | - | 1.4 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-MPA | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 48 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; UV-B light | - | 391.7 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-MPA | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 48 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; full sunlight | - | 384.5 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-MPA | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 96 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; UV-B light | - | 55.8 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnSe-MPA | Daphnia Magna | Neonates (<24 hr) | 96 hr | 21 ± 1°C; static exposure renewed at 48 hr; full sunlight | - | 28.1 | Lee et al. 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnS- PMAO | Daphnia magna | neonates | 24 hr | 22± 1°C; 16:8 hr L:D | 3.1 nM | 0.244 | Lewinski et al., 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnS-MUA | Daphnia magna | neonates | 48 hr | 20± 2°C; 16:8 hr L:D; 5 nm diameter red QDs | 0.11 | 0.09 | Pace et al., 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnS-MUA | Daphnia magna | neonates | 48 hr | 20± 2°C; 16:8 hr L:D; 2 nm diameter green QDs | 0.35 | 0.27 | Pace et al., 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnS-PEG-COO- | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Embryo 4–6 hr; | 120 hr | 28°C; static exposure renewed every 24 hr | 22.44 | 3.147508 | King-Heiden et al., 2009 |
| CdSe/ZnS-PEG-NH2 | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Embryo 4–6 hr; | 120 hr | 28°C; static exposure renewed every 24 hr | 15.71 | 2.360631 | King-Heiden et al., 2009 |
| CdSe/ZnS-PEG-OCH3 | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Embryo 4–6 hpf | 120 hr | 28°C; static exposure renewed every 24 hr | 33.66 | 4.721262 | King-Heiden et al., 2009 |
| CdSe/ZnS-PEO | Daphnia magna | neonates | 48 hr | 20± 2°C; 16:8 hr L:D; 2 nm diameter green QDs | 0.77 | 0.12 | Pace et al., 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnS-PEO | Daphnia magna | neonates | 48 hr | 20± 2°C; 16:8 hr L:D; 5 nm diameter red QDs | 3.84 | 1.46 | Pace et al., 2010 |
| CdSe/ZnS-PLL | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Embryo 4–6 hr; | 120 hr | 28°C; static exposure renewed every 24 hr | 3.3079 | 0.786877 | King-Heiden et al., 2009 |
| CdSe-COOH | Amerimysis bahia | 48 hr old | 48 hr | 20°C; 16:8-hr light dark; 7-day aged QDs | 0.74 | 0.057 | Xiao et al., 2017 |
| CdSe-COOH | Amerimysis bahia | 48 hr old | 96 hr | 20°C; 16:8 hr L:D; 7-day aged QDs | 0.29 | 0.023 | Xiao et al., 2017 |
| CdSe-COOH | Amerimysis bahia | 48 hr old | 7 day | 20°C; 16:8 hr L:D; 7-day aged QDs | 0.29 | 0.023 | Xiao et al., 2017 |
| CdSe-MPA | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Embryos 6 hpf | 120 hr | 28 ± 0.5°C; 14:10 hr L:D | 1.98 | - | Zhang et al., 2012b |
| CdTe | Daphnia pulex | Juvenile (5–7 days) | 48 hr | 20°C; 16:8 hr L:D | 3.29nM | 0.112411 | Tang et al., 2015 |
| CdTe | Freshwater polyp (Hydra vulgaris) | 3 wks old with 1–2 buds | 24 hr | 18°C; 12:12 hr L:D; pH 7 | - | 1.4 | Ambrosone et al., 2012 |
| CdTe | Freshwater polyp (Hydra vulgaris) | 3 wks old with 1–2 buds | 48 hr | 18°C; 12:12 hr L:D; pH 7 | - | 1.1 | Ambrosone et al., 2012 |
| CdTe | Freshwater polyp (Hydra vulgaris) | 3 wks old with 1–2 buds | 72 hr | 18°C; 12:12 hr L:D; pH 7 | - | 0.72 | Ambrosone et al., 2012 |
| CQDa | Daphnia magna | Neonates | 48 hr | 25 ± 2 °C | 160.3 | - | Yao et al., 2018 |
| CQDa | Phytoplankton (Scenedesmus obliquus) | - | 96 hr | 25 ± 2 °C; 12:12 hr L:D | 74.8 | - | Yao et al., 2018 |
| CQDa | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | Adults | 96 hr | 25 ± 2 °C | 97.5 | - | Yao et al., 2018 |
| Silicon QD | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) | embryos (26 hpf) | 120 hr | 28 °C | 40 | - | Srivastava et al., 2019 |
GSH= glutathione, GA= gum arabic, TOPO= tri-n-octylphosphine oxide, PMAO= polyanionic polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene, MUA= mercaptoundecanoic acid, PEG= polyethylene glycol, PEO= polyethylene oxide, PLL= poly-l-lysine, COOH= carboxylic acid, MPA= 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, MPA= mercaptopropionic acid
a
Carbon Quantum Dot