Table 2.
Patient Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Before and After Propensity Score Matching
| Variablesa | Unmatched | Matched | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 (+) & BSI (+) 2020 (n = 101) | COVID-19 (+) & BSI (-) 2020 (n = 3273) | SDS | COVID-19 (+) & BSI (-) 2020 (n = 404) | SDS | |
| Demographic characteristic | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 61.0 (15.5) | 64.1 (16.9) | 0.2 | 60.8 (15.4) | 0.01 |
| Sex, No. (%) | 0.36 | 0.03 | |||
| Female | 24 (23.8) | 1327 (40.5) | 91 (22.5) | ||
| Male | 77 (76.2) | 1946 (59.5) | 313 (77.5) | ||
| Race, No. (%) | 0.3 | 0.09 | |||
| Asian | 10 (9.90) | 213 (6.51) | 32 (7.92) | ||
| Black | 7 (6.93) | 497 (15.2) | 30 (7.43) | ||
| Hispanic | 28 (27.7) | 923 (28.2) | 116 (28.7) | ||
| Other/multiracial | 9 (8.91) | 298 (9.10) | 37 (9.16) | ||
| Unknown | 4 (3.96) | 96 (2.93) | 12 (2.97) | ||
| White | 43 (42.6) | 1246 (38.1) | 177 (43.8) | ||
| Clinical characteristic | |||||
| Maximum oxygenb (first 72 h), No. (%) | 1.48 | 0.08 | |||
| None | 2 (1.98) | 426 (13.6) | 11 (2.72) | ||
| Low oxygen | 3 (2.97) | 1315 (42.0) | 11 (2.72) | ||
| High oxygen | 20 (19.8) | 646 (20.6) | 79 (19.6) | ||
| Noninvasive ventilation | 26 (25.7) | 381 (12.2) | 113 (28.0) | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 50 (49.5) | 365 (11.7) | 190 (47.0) | ||
| Charlson score, mean (SD) | 2.57 (1.84) | 2.13 (2.12) | 0.24 | 2.49 (2.15) | 0.06 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 29.4 (6.69) | 30.4 (7.70) | 0.15 | 30.2 (7.45) | 0.01 |
| Temperature, mean (SD), °F | 99.9 (1.82) | 99.5 (1.97) | 0.2 | 99.4 (3.57) | 0.18 |
| Fever, No. (%) | 92 (91.1) | 2914 (93.3) | 0.08 | 367 (92.0) | 0.03 |
| Demographic characteristic | |||||
| Age group, No. (%) | 0.22 | 0.13 | |||
| 0–39 | 12 (11.9) | 268 (8.57) | 44 (10.9) | ||
| 40–49 | 9 (8.91) | 317 (10.1) | 47 (11.6) | ||
| 50–59 | 15 (14.9) | 572 (18.3) | 70 (17.3) | ||
| 60–69 | 31 (30.7) | 737 (23.6) | 124 (30.7) | ||
| 70+ | 34 (33.7) | 1234 (39.5) | 119 (29.5) | ||
| Comorbidity, No. (%) | |||||
| Myocardial infarction | 23 (22.8) | 458 (14.0) | 0.23 | 67 (16.6) | 0.16 |
| Congestive heart failure | 11 (10.9) | 572 (17.5) | 0.18 | 43 (10.6) | 0.01 |
| PVD | 12 (11.9) | 485 (14.8) | 0.08 | 68 (16.8) | 0.14 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 31 (30.7) | 424 (13.0) | 0.45 | 98 (24.3) | 0.15 |
| Dementia | 9 (8.91) | 324 (9.90) | 0.03 | 26 (6.44) | 0.02 |
| Pulmonary disease | 0.1 | ||||
| Chronic disease | 21 (20.8) | 824 (25.2) | 0.1 | 88 (21.8) | 0.02 |
| Asthma | 5 (4.95) | 377 (12.03) | 0.52 | 47 (11.6) | 0.51 |
| COPD | 10 (9.90) | 369 (11.8) | 0.07 | 32 (7.9) | 0.11 |
| RA/CVD | 2 (1.98) | 114 (3.48) | 0.09 | 15 (3.71) | 0.1 |
| Liver disease | 9 (8.91) | 57 (1.74) | 0.33 | 15 (3.71) | 0.26 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 6 (5.94) | 106 (3.24) | 0.14 | 17 (4.21) | 0.08 |
| Diabetes | 49 (48.5) | 1256 (38.4) | 0.2 | 214 (53.0) | 0.09 |
| Hemiplegia/paraplegia | 14 (13.9) | 94 (2.87) | 0.42 | 18 (4.46) | 0.3 |
| Renal disease | 24 (23.8) | 865 (26.4) | 0.06 | 131 (32.4) | 0.18 |
| End-stage renal disease | 3 (2.97) | 198 (6.32) | 0.14 | 40 (9.90) | 0.08 |
| Cancer | 11 (10.9) | 360 (11.0) | 0.00 | 45 (11.1) | 0.03 |
| Metastatic tumor | 2 (1.98) | 105 (3.21) | 0.07 | 13 (3.22) | 0.02 |
| AIDS/HIV | 1 (0.99) | 19 (0.58) | 0.05 | 5 (1.24) | 0.05 |
| Index | 0.42 | ||||
| ≥5 | 31 (30.7) | 836 (25.5) | 133 (32.9) | ||
| 3–4 | 26 (25.7) | 516 (15.8) | 52 (12.9) | 0.34 | |
| 1–2 | 33 (32.7) | 1112 (34.0) | 175 (43.3) | ||
| 0 | 11 (10.9) | 809 (24.7) | 44 (10.9) | ||
| DNR status | 0.17 | ||||
| DNR | 30 (29.7) | 718 (21.9) | 121 (30.0) | ||
| No DNR | 71 (70.3) | 2555 (78.1) | 283 (70.0) | 0.03 | |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| WBC, mean (SD), 1 × 109 cells | 9.39 (5.49) | 8.46 (10.2) | 0.12 | 10.6 (26.0) | |
| Neutrophil, mean (SD), % | 81.8 (9.89) | 76.9 (11.4) | 0.44 | 80.7 (10.5) | |
| Lymphocyte, mean (SD), % | 10.7 (7.97) | 14.1 (9.36) | 0.38 | 11.8 (9.22) | 0.05 |
| Hemoglobin, mean (SD), g/dL | 13.5 (1.90) | 12.9 (2.06) | 0.3 | 12.9 (2.23) | 0.07 |
| Platelets (×1000), mean (SD), µ/L | 230 (108) | 230 (102) | 0.01 | 227 (101) | 0.08 |
| Troponin, mean (SD), ng/mL | 0.19 (0.43) | 0.26 (1.62) | 0.06 | 0.37 (1.08) | 0.27 |
| AST, mean (SD), U/L | — | 97.0 (87.5) | 0.13 | 59.6 (62.9) | 0.03 |
| LDH, mean (SD), U/L | 514 (193) | 566 (305) | 0.18 | 529 (275) | 0.22 |
| PT/INR, mean (SD) | 16.9 (14.4) | 1.39 (1.05) | 0.21 | 14.6 (5.99) | 0.72 |
| Inflammatory markers | 0.4 | ||||
| Procalcitonin, mean (SD), ng/mL | 2.84 (15.9) | 1.22 (5.58) | 0.13 | 2.24 (11.7) | 0.19 |
| CRP, mean (SD), mg/dL | 163 (99.3) | 159 (86.9) | 0.07 | 158 (90.1) | |
| D-dimer, mean (SD), ng/mL | 1783 (2705) | 1322 (3694) | 0.13 | 2078 (5315) | 0.14 |
| Ferritin, mean (SD), ng/mL | 1414 (1638) | 1982 (3184) | 0.21 | 1741 (2846) | 0.44 |
| Outcome, No. (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Length of stay | 44.0 (31.9) | 10.6 (15.3) | 1.41 | 17.2 (18.4) | 0.09 |
| Alive | 64.6 (32.8) | 9.66 (12.3) | 20.8 (21.4) | ||
| Deceased | 26.8 (17.9) | 11.7 (11.0) | 12.9 (12.7) | 1.07 | |
| In-hospital mortality | 0.67 | ||||
| Alive | 46 (45.5) | 2521 (77.0) | 222 (55.0) | ||
| Deceased | 55 (54.5) | 752 (23.0) | 182 (45.0) | 0.13 | |
Abbreviations: AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BSI, bloodstream infection; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein; CTD, connective tissue disease; DNR, do not resuscitate; INR, international normalized ratio; PT, prothrombin time; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SDS, standard difference score; WBC, white blood cells.
All values obtained at hospital admission.
Low oxygen, <4L; high oxygen, >4L; noninvasive, high-flow nasal canula or bilevel/continuous positive airway pressure.