Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients According to the Presence or Absence of Rheumatic Symptoms Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 at 12-Month Follow-up
| Characteristic | Total (n = 1296) | Without Rheumatic Symptoms Following COVID-19 (n = 1136) | With Rheumatic Symptoms Following COVID-19 (n = 160) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 57.0 (48.0–65.0) | 57.0 (47.0–65.0) | 60.0 (53.0–65.0) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 687 (53) | 617 (54) | 70 (44) |
| Female | 609 (47) | 519 (46) | 90 (56) |
| Education | |||
| College or higher | 346/1138 (30) | 306/997 (31) | 40/141 (28) |
| Middle school or lower | 792/1138 (70) | 691/997 (69) | 101/141 (72) |
| Cigarette smoking | |||
| Never-smoker | 1147/1263 (91) | 1001/1106 (91) | 146/157 (93) |
| Current smoker | 84/1263 (7) | 76/1106 (7) | 8/157 (5) |
| Former smoker | 32/1263 (3) | 29/1106 (3) | 3/157 (2) |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Hypertension | 354/1264 (28) | 308/1107 (28) | 46/157 (29) |
| Diabetes | 150/1263 (12) | 131/1106 (12) | 19/157 (12) |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 116/1262 (9) | 95/1105 (9) | 21/157 (13) |
| Malignancy | 35/1265 (3) | 27/1108 (2) | 8/157 (5) |
| COPD | 19/1264 (2) | 16/1107 (1) | 3/157 (2) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 15/1265 (1) | 14/1108 (1) | 1/157 (1) |
| Acute phase symptoms | |||
| Fever | 1041/1265 (82) | 907/1108 (82) | 134/157 (85) |
| Cough | 929/1264 (73) | 810/1107 (73) | 119/157 (76) |
| Productive sputum | 359/1264 (28) | 310/1107 (28) | 49/157 (31) |
| Hemoptysis | 22/1265 (2) | 18/1108 (2) | 4/157 (3) |
| Stuffy nose | 13/1262 (1) | 10/1106 (1) | 3/156 (2) |
| Headache | 65/1264 (5) | 54/1108 (5) | 11/156 (7) |
| Tachypnea | 419/1264 (33) | 363/1107 (33) | 56/157 (36) |
| Myalgia/arthralgia | 138/1262 (11) | 123/1106 (11) | 15/156 (10) |
| Fatigue | 528/1264 (42) | 455/1108 (41) | 73/156 (47) |
| Gastrointestinal symptom | 212/1264 (17) | 185/1107 (17) | 27/157 (17) |
| Highest 7-category scale during hospitalization | |||
| 3: Admitted to hospital, not requiring supplemental oxygen | 315/1265 (25) | 278/1108 (25) | 37/157 (24) |
| 4: Admitted to hospital, requiring supplemental oxygen | 856/1265 (68) | 753/1108 (68) | 103/157 (66) |
| 5–6: Admitted to hospital, requiring HFNC, MV, ECMO, or combination | 94/1256 (7) | 77/1108 (7) | 17/157 (11) |
| Treatment received during hospitalization | |||
| Corticosteroids | 305/1265 (24) | 262/1108 (24) | 43/157 (27) |
| Antivirals | 697/1265 (55) | 608/1108 (55) | 89/157 (57) |
| Thymosin | 203/1265 (16) | 180/1108 (16) | 23/157 (15) |
| IVIG | 248/1265 (20) | 212/1108 (19) | 36/157 (23) |
| Length of hospital stay, d, median (IQR) | 13.8 (9.9–19.7) | 13.8 (9.9–19.2) | 14.5 (9.9–22.7) |
| Time from symptom onset to 12-mo follow-up, d, median (IQR) | 349.0 (337.0–361.0) | 349.0 (337.0–361.0) | 352.0 (342.0–362.0) |
| ICU admission | 54/1265 (4) | 44/1108 (4) | 10/157 (6) |
Data are No. (%) or no./No. (%) unless otherwise indicated. The differing denominators used indicate missing data.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula for oxygen therapy; ICU, intensive care unit; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; MV, mechanical ventilation.