Table 3.

Challenges to implementing ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous cannulation in dental surgery

Possible barrier	Comment
Cost	Initial and maintenance (equipment) Extra materials required for example, ultrasound gel CPD training/courses
Training	Annual CPD required (RCR guidance) No current postgraduate courses for dental surgeons Not covered in undergraduate dental training
Equipment	Space requirements (non-portable) Several systems available
Time	Set up may prolong appointment time, however, may be time-saving in comparison to other techniques in difficult patient groups Consider the potential need for USG-PIVC at the pre-assessment appointment to avoid time lost at the treatment appointment
Medico-legal	Should be able to report all findings (including pathology, for example, thrombus or nerve pathology) on ultrasound and refer if necessary May need to make dental indemnity aware
Patient acceptance	There may be some difficulty with special care and paediatric patients