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. 2022 Apr 8;2:34. doi: 10.1038/s43705-022-00110-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — (a) α-diversity metrics and (b) β-diversity NMDS ordination of viral contig relative abundance in five contrasting soil types along an altitudinal primary productivity gradient. No statistically significant differences between sites were found in richness (Kruskall-Wallis, p = 0.369), Simpson index (Kruskall-Wallis, p = 0.138) or Shannon index (Kruskall-Wallis, p = 0.264) but a significant difference in β-diversity (Bray-Curtis) was found (PERMANOVA, R² = 0.738, P < 10⁻⁴). Managed grassland sites cluster closely together in the NMDS ordination whilst peatland and coastal RNA viromes are clearly separated. Whilst a small number of viral contigs (grey triangles) can be seen to be shared between upland-peat and grassland sites, the coastal grassland site is distinctly separate. Phylum-level CPM values were fitted to the ordination plot to determine which phyla were driving community difference, with Lenarviricota and Kitrinoviricota showing significant effects (p < 0.05).