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. 2021 Nov 2;4(4):946–964. doi: 10.20517/cdr.2021.82

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© The Author(s) 2021.

© The Author(s) 2021. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Transition of colon cancer cell phenotypes in relation to alteration of status of CXCR4 and CRC markers for acquiring irinotecan resistance. The G-protein coupled chemokine receptor, CXCR4, co-localizes with CRC stem cell markers, such as Lgr5, CD133, and CD44, which are thought to be associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process and resistance to cancer drug therapy. CSC: Cancer stem cell; SDF-1α: stromal cell-derived factor-1α; TGFα: tumor growth factor-α; ERK1/2: extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2.