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. 2019 Sep 19;2(3):773–786. doi: 10.20517/cdr.2019.016

Figure 2.

Figure 2

DNA damage response. DNA damage induced by stress hormones activates the DNA damage sensors ATM and ATR, which initiate downstream signal cascades controlling DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. ATM: ataxia-telangiectasia mutated; ATR: ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related