Table 1.
Summary of pathways, signaling molecules, or tumor environments that can be targeted with therapeutic approaches in order to help combat tumor drug resistance
| Pathway/target | Therapeutic approaches | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| TGF-β | OKN-007 (TGFβ pathway inhibitor) | [40] |
| PI3K | BKM120 (PI3K inhibitor) | [55] |
| GDC-0941 (PI3K inhibitor) | [53] | |
| NFκB | Parthenolide (NFκB inhibitor) | [61] |
| c-MET | Endothelial cell-specific knock-out of MET | [63] |
| Notch | miR-139-5p (oncogene inhibitor) | [64] |
| DAPT, MRK-003, GSI-18 (GSIs) | [66,67,71] | |
| GW280164X, INCB3619 (ASIs) | [72] | |
| Antibodies against ELTD1 | [74,75] | |
| EGFR | Combined therapies targeting EGFR (gefitinib) and mTOR (sirolimus, everolimus) | [82-84] |
| TME | Targeting macrophages and monocytes | [91] |
TGF-β: transforming growth factor β; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; NFκB: nuclear factor-κB; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; TME: tumor microenvironment; GSIs: γ-secretase inhibitors; ASIs: α-secretase inhibitors